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In general, when referring to the entire population as a whole, you would say "the Chinese are an ancient people". To say "Chinese are ancient people" leaves the reference population undefined - are you referring to the entire population of China or are you referring to a select group of Chinese individuals who are older?
You must elaborate. To which time period are you referring when you say, "did they..."?
When people say Earth they are referring to the planet on which we all live.
No. You would say "He is at home" if referring to his own home. You would say "He is in a home" when referring to a place like a retirement home or other medical facility that have people living in them as their home.
some people would say yes but it really depends on the situation and to what you are referring to
When referring to the day, you would say Valentine's Day. If you are referring to a person or a card, you would say valentine.
Possibly they are correct. It may be a different 'William Potts' to the one you are referring.
If you're trying to say that (do people with glasses or monocles blink) then yes If you're referring to fake eyes made of glass then no
If you're referring to a group of people meeting to discuss solemn matters, I'd say "convocation" or "council" even. If you're referring to two people meeting and feeling solemn together in meeting I'd refer to it as a confrontation. And then there is also "funeral" which is a pretty solemn meeting, I'd say.
Who? People can not read your mind over the internet. You can't just say 'he', you need to specify who it is you are referring to.
Graffiti ing is not the correct term and most people would not use that term when referring to displaying graffit. Most people would just simple say they are doing, painting, or drawing graffiti.
If you're referring to a photograph, it is 'shashin.' If you are referring to something draw, painted, or otherwise not produced by a camera, you may say 'e.'