Depends on exactly what you mean by "charges." At the time of an arrest law enforcement will 'charge' you with a crime and 'book' you under that stutute. The prosecutor to whom your case is presented will formally "charge" you in court with the offense, which in his judgement, most fits the crime. The charge may remain the same as you were arrested under, or be altered to more exactly fit the offense you will be prosecurted for.
Law enforcement ARRESTS them. The Prosecutor officially CHARGES them and PROSECUTES them in court.
The State Attorney's Office, as usually represented by an Assistant State's Attorney - usually referred to as the prosecutor or, "the State."
Judge
against..... the arrestee (known as the defendant).
The State brings an action against a defendant.
who brings the case to court
In the criminal system, it is the government that brings a case against a defendant, and in civil court, citizens can bring lawsuits against one another. ... For instance, prison is a possibility in certain criminal cases, whereas civil cases do not punish the accused with incarceration.
prosecuting attorney
Usually the way criminal charges work is that the arresting or investigating agency will turn in all relevant documents to the District Attorney and then the DA will decide if there is enough evidence to support a trial or if the case should be dismissed. From there the DA will present the case in front of the Grand Jury (in some states), this is not a trial and the defendant usually is not present. In this process there is no 'one person' responsible for charging an alleged criminal.
In civil law, the party who is served with the papers beginning the civil action, and is defending the lawsuit is called the "defendant"; the party who brings the lawsuit is called the "plaintiff". In the strictest sense, the person in a criminal 'lawsuit' not a civil proceeding, is called a "defendant". The party, in the criminal action, who brings the lawsuit, a criminal proceeding, is called the "State". The representative for the criminal action against the is a Prosecutor. Please see the discussion page for further notions about using the word "defendant" instead of the label "accused" in a criminal proceeding.
The House of Representatives is the one that can impeach the president or other federal officials.
The Federal House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach or bring charges against government officials (except members of Congress.) A majority vote is needed in the House to Impeach. The Senate has the sole power to try the impeachment case. A two-thirds vote of the senators present is needed for conviction. When a president is tried, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the Senate.
When a person commits perjury in any court, including family court, the DA will being charges. In some cases, the judge will bring the charges against the person and sentence the person to jail.
In the impeachment process, the House of Representatives brings charges with a 2/3 majority vote. It is then up to the Senate to confirm the charges.
House of representatives