Magnetism
Niels Bohr
Who? Niels Bohr started the concept of electrons orbiting the nucleus, but I'm not sure he called them shells, but more along the lines of energy levels.
Elements in the same row, or period, of the periodic table fill up the same energy level as you move from left to right. This is because elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
Magnesium has three electron shells. The electron configuration is 2,8,2
Sodium, i believe has 3 shells.
Bromine has 4 electron shells.
Polonium has 6 electron shells.
Samarium has six electron shells.
Nickel has 3 (three) electron shells.
Chromium has two electrons in the outer most shell.
A sulfur atom has 3 electron shells.
No, iodine has four electron shells, marked as "K", "L", "M", and "N". The number of electron shells is determined by the electron configuration of an element.