The Church, as far as I know, does not have a strict teaching on this so if an atheist and a Catholic want to get married they can as long as it is in the Church and they promise to raise their children as Catholics.
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This is known as a mixed marriage, and is not allowed by Canon Law without a specific dispensation from the Bishop.
A man cannot get married after he has received the sacrament of holy orders. However, it is possible for a man who is already married to be ordained. This is practiced in the Eastern Catholic Churches, but not in the Roman Catholic Church.
You would have to discuss your individual situation with a Catholic priest. If your marriages were considered valid, then you would still be considered married, and you could only marry again if you proved that both marriages were invalid, which is what an annulment is, a degree that no valid marriage ever happened. You need to make an appointment with your local priest.
it is a rank, in the Catholic Hierarchy from Priest to Bishop etc, he could be called a Father Confessor or Reverend Father, or just Father
A Latin Rite Catholic priest may not get married. However, married man have always been capable of being ordained, they just cannot marry after they are ordained. During most of history, MOST Latin Rite priests have been drawn from single men, but not always.
Anyone can become a Catholic. In the particular situation that you paint, you would need to speak with a priest to find out IF the marriage could be continued, in other words, if everyone involved could get annulments (statements that the first marriages were not valid) and then get married in the Catholic Church. Whether or not this is possible, it should take second place to where you are planning on spending eternity!
This depends on what you mean by elope. If a Catholic was to elope and be married by a civil authority this would be a mortal sin and the marriage would not be recognized by the Church, since a priest must be witness to a Catholic marriage (save for extreme circumstances). Later, however, a couple could repent of this and after consultation with a priest, they may be allowed a Catholic marriage which would, of course, be recognized. If, however, as seen in Romeo and Juliet, a Catholic couple elopes because of severe familial circumstances - which would have to be dire indeed - and is married by a Catholic priest, this marriage is valid and binding and no sin is committed. Eloping for "financial reasons" is very vague. It is best to consult a priest. If you are unable to talk to a priest because you do not plan to be married in the Church in the first place: don't do it at all! You can always be married in the Church later, but you don't know if later will ever come, and a Catholic who has despised the Church by resorting to a civil union is living in scandal and his union is considered fornication.
i doubt it, because the first marriage would not be recognized by the churchI understood divorce could be an obstacle. Check with the local priest.
Yes, and by a Catholic Priest specifically. The Catholic faith believes that priests are acting "in persona Christi" which means, "in the person of Christ," and that in every official act, they are "becoming" Christ, who is then actually performing whatever action is happening, from confession to last rites to marriage, etc. So, based on that belief, only Christ can officially marry people, and thus, only a priest, and only a Catholic Priest, and so unless Catholics are married with a Catholic Priest presiding (and I believe within a Catholic Church itself), it will not be recognized as an official and sanctified Catholic wedding. You can get more information at the website listed below (The Catholic Catechism as put on the web by the Vatican), or by looking through a copy of the Catholic Catechism itself. I might be a little messed up on some of the understanding of how "in persona Christi" works, but I do know that in order to be recognized as "married" by the Catholic Church, the answer is YES.Roman Catholic AnswerThe answer above is helpful, but it needs to be clear that Catholics marry each other, they are not technically "married" by anyone else. As baptized Christians, they are the ministers of the sacrament of marriage. But there must be a priest there as a representative of the Church, and, of course, of Jesus Christ, to witness the marriage. In that sense, yes, they must be married in front of a priest. Minor CorrectionAccording to Can. 1108 §1, a deacon can also perform a marriage but, of course, could not offer the Nuptial Mass.
The most important role of the priest is to perform mass. Without a priest, we could have no communion. A deacon can do almost everything else a priest can do, but only a priest (or higher) may perform transubstantiation (the miracle of turning bread into the body of Christ).
While in rare circumstances a priest may be allowed to be married, a bishop may not be married. The pope is a bishop so could not be married.
No. Ordination is not considered a marriage. In the Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Old Catholic and Anglican churches, ordination is identified with the sacrament of Holy Orders and is the means by which one is included in one of the three major orders: bishop, priest, or deacon.
Yes, he could, with proper paper work. There has to be a valid reason.