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Less than you'd think. At extreme distances, the red-shift is caused by metric expansion more than by motion. So to be able to gauge the speed of an object relative to you, you'd first have to determine the pseudo-speed caused by metric expansion.
The first star is closer to the earth than the second. The exact distances will depend on how large the angles are and also how far the star is away from the perpendicular to the earth's ecliptic. In any case, the distances will depend on trigonometric ratios and the distance to the first star will not be one tenth the distance unless the angles are very small.
The first variable that is used to classify stars is its ionization state which can measure the photosphere's temperature and density. This information is gathered by splitting the light from a star with a prism and observing the resulting spectrum that includes absorption lines. Luminosity is another variable used; it is based on the width of absorption lines.
the earth moves and different seasons determine which stars come out
You can determine which variable that goes on the x axis on a line graph by checking the number that comes first in a set of pair or from table, e.g [2,4]. 2 will be on the x axis because it is the first number in the pair
First join the points and find their respective distances and then just use the Pythagoras Theorem
You cannot. You can determine the third variable if two are given but not determine two when given only one. You have to find some other way to first determine volume or density.
The high is power of either variable is the first
There are two regression lines if there are two variables - one line for the regression of the first variable on the second and another line for the regression of the second variable on the first. If there are n variables you can have n*(n-1) regression lines. With the least squares method, the first of two line focuses on the vertical distance between the points and the regression line whereas the second focuses on the horizontal distances.
you first look at the varaibles and their power if there is more than one variable then you will have how ever many variables there are that's how many separate answers there will be also, if you have a number to the power or 2 then there will be two answers for that ONE variable... if you have a number to the power of 8 then you will have eight answers for the one variable.
Independent variable
The dependent variable goes first.
Independent variable(manipulated variable) is a variable that is changed delibertly by the experimentor. *most of the time the first part of a projects question is the independent variable.
independent
Any equipment has some method of displaying the measurement of some variable (or variables). The equipment can determine your precision in two ways. The first is on its calibration: how large its "zero error" is. The second is in the precision of the display used to provide the measurement.
because it can change according to the independent variable. this dependent variable depends on the independent variable for its output. the independent variable is not affected by the dependent variable because the independent variable if found out first.