Congress
In the United States, the authority to levy taxes on citizens primarily resides with Congress, as outlined in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. This legislative body has the power to impose and collect taxes to fund government operations and services. Additionally, state governments also have the authority to levy taxes within their jurisdictions. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the federal agency responsible for administering and enforcing tax laws.
The federal government had no ability to tax when it was operating under the Articles of Confederation. The US Constitution provided the federal government authority to collect taxes; the Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, added the ability to levy taxes on income.
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Borrow money and levy taxes
You could say that US citizens pay taxes to support the government. You might also say that US citizens pay taxes because they wish to receive the various services which the government performs for them. Or, you could say that US citizens pay taxes to avoid being arrested for tax evasion. There are lots of ways of looking at it.
Yes. The 16th amendment to the constitution allows the US government to levy income taxes on the people.
Native Americans
The collection of taxes from various sources is what funds the operation of the government.
US Courts do not levy taxes. The Federal, State, Local legislature levvies taxes by making laws to be enforced by appropriate branches. The US Federal Tax Courts handle cases involving disputes and many breaches concerning the US tax laws. Thye do not levy or make the tax laws. Most States have a similar system.
No. Only the Legislative Branch (Congress) has the power to levy taxes.
income taxes didn't exist back then.
After the Revolutionary War, the Us was an independent country and Britain had no authority to levy taxes or to collect them in the US. Of course, Britain continued to collect taxes from the remainder of its Empire.