There's no set answer to that, it really depends on what you allow the bike to look like, and how the record was set.
Sam Whittingham holds the record for a completely enclosed streamlined pedal driven vehicle which looks more like a torpedo than anything else.
There's another guy who holds the record(at a higher speed) with something more bicycle looking, but that record was set while drafting a car.
Yet a 3rd who has the record for unassisted, on a standard looking bike.
Castro powered light car
I think the current record is 70 MPH or thereabouts. 1985 Bonneville Salt Flats --152.2 mph
Officially, the fastest living human is Usain Bolt of Jamaica. He holds the world's 100 m record of 9.58 seconds and the 200 m record of 19.19 seconds. His 4 x 100 m team also holds the world record of 37.10 seconds.
The world record for the fastest cyclist was set by Dutch cyclist, Theo Bos, who reached a speed of 133.78 km/h (83.13 mph) in 2018 at the World Human Powered Speed Challenge in Nevada, USA.
The world's fastest human is Usain Bolt, who holds the world record for the 100 meters at 9.58 seconds.
1984 Buick Skylark
Usain Bolt.
The historical run by Hussain Bollt in 2009.
For a human-powered bicycle it's pretty pointless to talk about the fastest bike, as the rider is more important than the ride.
Oh, there are plenty. Question can't be answered unti you specify under which conditions you want the record: - unassisted, over one hour, on something like a "standard" road bike - unassisted in a human powered vehicle (a recumbent with a streamlined body) - unassisted, downhill - riding in the wake of a pace car etc etc
The fastest record speed attained by a human on foot is 27.44 miles per hour. This speed was attained by Usain Bolt in the 100 yard dash.
The fastest recorded human speed is 27.8 mph, achieved by Usain Bolt during his 100m world record run in 2009.