h
In the twelfth century, largely because of the work of Muslim and Jewish scholars, western Eroupe was introduced to the works of Aristotle.
Christianity
Christianity
Saint Augustine basically 'rebranded' much of Aristotle's ethical work for Christianity in the 3rd century AD. The connotation changed, for example Aristotle's "ethikos arete" (best ethics) becomes the "virtues" under early catholicism; "virtue" specifically relates to masculine excellence. Terms like 'polis' were removed and replaced with Deus (God). Aristotle's work was still fresh on the agenda for future Christian writers (such as Aquinas) and philosophers (such as Descartes); both place great emphasis on his hierachies. Arguably Aristotle represents an indigenous European philosophy that never left us, yet differing agendas have made us forget this continuity.
Muslim scholars in the Abbasid Caliphate translated the works of Plato and Aristotle from Greek into Arabic. They preserved the writings by translating, studying, and commenting on them, recognizing their value for philosophy and science. These translations were later reintroduced to Western Europe during the Renaissance, contributing to the revival of classical knowledge.
latin opera
That would be the Hindus. The Western Arabs introduced the system to Europe, hence the term Hindu-Arabic numerals.
It stabilised southern and western Europe for over 500 years.
Some Arab scholars translated the ancient Greek into Arabic. Gaius Marius Victorinus was a Roman who translated two books in the 4th century. Some were not translated until the 12th century. The Catholic Church did not allow some books to be available but Thomas Aquinas reconciled some of Aristotle's views with Catholicism.
Catholicism means universal and was the 1st organized Christian denomination.
Truman Doctrine
Western Civilization is a term used to refer to traditional customs, heritage, social norms, belief systems, and political systems associated with Europe. A great fact is that Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato were part of the Western Civilization.