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Jews are members of one of the oldest religions, the religion of Moses. The line between being a member of the religion and being of the Jewish "race" seems to be difficult even for Jews to define; however most Jews consider Judaism a religion, rather than a race.
The Torah is a partial history of the Jewish people. Today, Judaism is effectively divided into three sub-sects but some claim that the number is higher. Mostly, the three groups differ on how strictly they follow ancient Jewish tradition. (If you ever saw the movie "Fiddler on the Roof" you have seen an example of a traditional Jewish family, although Jewish parents today do not necessarily pick a husband for their daughter.)
A few Jewish laws include:
They do not eat pork or shellfish.
They do not eat meat and dairy in the same meal; and cooking dairy and meat foodstuffs in the same pot is also forbidden. Hence observant Jews keep two sets of dishes, cutlery, utensils and pots.
The most traditional Jews tend to not associate very much socially with non-Jews or less observant Jews; however all Jews are equally commanded to behave at all times pleasantly toward all people, in keeping with the biblical verse "The Torah's ways are ways of pleasantness and all her paths are peace."
"Gentile" is the name they may use to refer to non-Jews.
Circumcision is the first Jewish rite of passage, and occurs 8 days after the birth of a boy (Genesis ch.17). It is a practice in which the foreskin of the infant is surgically and ceremonially removed and the child is given a name.
The main Jewish rite of passage occurs at age 13. It is called the bar-mitzvah, meaning son of the commandments. (For girls it is called the bat-mitzvah, which means daughter of the commandments and happens at age 12.) From this age, a Jewish youth is considered an adult. The bar-mitzvah ceremony consists of a Jewish youth saying blessings and reading in Hebrew from the Torah.
Abraham had a son Isaac, who had a son Jacob, who had 12 sons whose descendants are known as the 12 tribes of Israel. One of Jacob's sons was Judah and all of the descendants of Judah (and his 11 brothers collectively) are called "Jews" and belong to the Jewish religion.
Much of Christianity has its roots in Judaism, but much of Judaism was thrown out from Christianity when Constantine united the Roman Empire under his new religion called Christianity.
Answer 2
According to Jewish tradition, a Jew is someone born of a Jewish mother, or who converted to Judaism through a proper conversion.
Christian answer
This is what the Bible says about a true Jew, in Romans 2.28,29)

For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.

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