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Why does Egyptian history deny a period of Hebrew slavery?
An argument againstMost likely because the slavery of the Hebrews and the Exodus was not a historical event, it did not happen. There are no historical or archaeological record outside the bible that this event were recorded; not only from the Egyptians, but also from nearby civilization. 400,000 Hebrews wandering the desert for 40 years must have been noticed and recorded by those living in the desert.An argument forI refer the respondent to the following:Slaves building monuments in Egypt - Papyrus, Leiden #348, "Distribute grain to the Habirus (or Apiru - Hebrews) who carry stones to the great pylon of Rameses," Mural paintings indicate starving men with prominent spavined ribs.)An Austrian dig of dwellings and tombs at Tel-ed-Daba, Egypt, in 1989, discovered ancient cities near Goshen. Data from 800 drill cores gave evidence of a large number of Asian, non-Egyptian slaves; eleven levels at the site indicate many generations during the 12th and 13th Egyptian dynasties {compatible in duration and time period to the Biblical history of the Hebrew sojourn as slaves in Egypt}:The Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446, tells of the reign of Pharaoh Sobekhotep, containing over 95 names of slaves, more than half are Semitic, seven being Biblical names {including the name of one of the two midwives named in the Bible, "Shiphrah"},In direct conformity with the Bible {the killing of male Hebrew babies - infant Moses is saved by Egyptian princess} was the discovery of unusual demographic burial data at Tel-ed-Daba - 65% of the graves were of babies less than 18 months old, compared to a normal percentage of 20-30%. In addition there were far more graves of adult females than of males (conforming to male infants being killed at birth.);Historians of the 300 BCE era, Eusebies and Artapanus, with ancient records from the library at Alexandria, tell of Mouses {Moses}, an Egyptian prince who led a military campaign against Ethiopia. The Roman historian, Josephus and a stela fragment in the British Museum, indicate such an event occurred during the reign of Pharaoh Khenepres-Sobekhotep. Also supporting the story of the military campaign by Moses was a statue of Sobekhotep {Moses' stepfather} found on the island of Argo, proving that Egyptian conquest and authority extended to 200 kilometers from Egypt. Egyptian historians wrote that Mouses' fame caused Sobekhotep to target him {causing him to flee from Egypt to Midian - as in the Bible story, however, the Bible and the Jewish Haggadah say the cause was Moses killing an Egyptian slave-driver who was beating a Hebrew};The Pharaoh of the Exodus is identified as King Dudimose, 36th ruler of the 13th Dynasty. {The Bible describes him as, "Pharaoh who knew not Joseph"}.M. Bietek, in his dig at Tel ed-Baba, which he dated to the middle of the 14th Dynasty, found shallow mass graves all over the city of Avaris - clear evidence of some type of sudden major and widespread catastrophe {not unlike what would result from a biblical "Tenth Plague", death of all first-born}. In addition, site-archaeology suggests that the remaining population had abandoned their homes quickly and en masse;Information from the extra-biblical source of Josephus, a Roman historian born a Jew - who aided Titus in his conquest of Jerusalem in 67 AD, and was then, as a reward, given the Temple Scrolls - quotes Monetho, an Egyptian priest, circa 300 BC, regarding the "easy" conquest of mighty Egypt by the Hyksos. {Bible - Egypt's loss of its entire army of 600 chariots and charioteers at the Red Sea seems a reasonable explanation}.A highly important extra-biblical source of corroborative detail to many of the narratives of the ten-plagues and the Exodus events of both Bible and Hebrew-Passover-Haggadah, is the Ipuwer Papyrus Scroll - Leiden 344. Found in Egypt in the early 19th century, it was taken to the Leiden Museum in Holland where it remains. Described in many books about ancient Egypt, it is a papyrus scroll over twelve feet in length, called "Admonitions of Ipuwer". It was written during the 19th dynasty (the Middle Kingdom period) by a scribe/historian named Ipuwer, and interpreted in 1909 by A. H. Gardiner. The scroll describes violent events in Egypt which seem to parallel the Biblical ten plagues and the Exodus story - it seems a description of a society in total crisis, providing, in essence, an eyewitness account of extreme and unusual occurrences: "What the ancestors had foretold has happened", (Imhotep/Joseph, approximately 260 years earlier, had foretold the exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt.) {Gen. 50:24-26}"We don't know what has happened in the land.""The river is blood .. there is blood everywhere, no shortage of death .. many dead are buried in the river .. lacking are grain, charcoal .. trees are felled .. food is lacking .. great hunger and suffering". {The first plague};"destruction of grain" {The plague of hail or locusts};"animals moaning and roaming freely";"darkness" {The ninth plague};Deaths of the "children of princes, prisoners, brothers" {The tenth plague, deaths of all the first-born};"Gone is what yesterday has seen. See now, the land is deprived of kingship. See, all the ranks, they are not in their place .. like a herd that roams without a herdsman.""Poor .. have become .. of wealth .. Gold and lapis lazuli, silver and malachite, carnelian and bronze are strung on to the necks of female slaves." {"...and they requested from the Egyptians, silver and gold articles. And God made the Egyptians favor them and they granted their request." Ex. 12:35-36};"See, he who slept wifeless found a noblewoman .. "are no more"." (This, written long afterwards, obviously describes conditions after the loss of the Egyptian army and the upper-class male officers. Note: This also supports the request of the "royal" widow of Pharaoh, lost in the Red Sea, in a remarkable Amarna letter to the King of the neighboring Hittites, asking for one of his sons to become her new husband.
How many Egyptian queens were there?
The Kings of Egypt were not called Pharaohs by the ancient Egyptians. This word was used by the Greeks and Hebrews, and today is commonly used for the ancient Kings of Egypt. We really do not know how many kings ruled in Egypt, for at times in its ancient past the country was split up, and there were at least several kings at the same time. There was also probably kings who ruled regions of Egypt before recorded history. I can provide a list up to Cleopatra's ruling. 1st Dynasty (3050 - 2890) Horus Aha Djer (Itit) Djet (Wadj) Den (Udimu) Anendjib Semerkhet Qa'a 2nd Dynasty (3890-2686) Hetepsekhemwy (Hotepsekhemwy) Reneb (Nebra) Ninetjer (Nynetjer) Peribsen (Seth-Peribsen) Khasekhemwy OLD KINGDOM The age of the Pyramid. The pyramids of Giza and Dahshur are built during this period. 3rd Dynasty Sanakhte (Nebka) 2650 - 2630 Netjerykhet (Djoser) 2630 - 2611 Sekhemkhet (Djoser Teti) 2611 - 2603 Khaba 2603 - 2599 Huni 2599 - 2575 4th Dynasty Snefru 2575 - 2551 Khufu (Cheops) 2551 - 2528 Djedefre 2528 - 2520 Khafre (Chephren) 2520 - 2494 Menkaure (Mycerinus) 2490 - 2472 Shepseskaf 2472 - 2467 5th Dynasty Userkaf 2465 - 2458 Sahure 2458 - 2446 Neferirkare Kakai 2477-2467 Shepseskare Ini 2426 - 2419 Neferefre 2419 - 2416 Niuserre Izi 2453 - 2422 Menkauhor 2422 - 2414 Djedkare Izezi 2388 - 2356 Unas 2375-2345 6th Dynasty Teti 2345 - 2333 Pepy I (Meryre) 2332 - 2283 Merenre Nemtyemzaf 2283 2278 Pepy II (Neferkare) 2278 - 2184 FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 7th and 8th Dynasties 2150 - 2135 Netrikare Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Djedkare II Neferkare IV Merenhor Menkamin I Nikare Neferkare V Neferkahor Neferkare VI Neferkamin II Ibi I Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare II Attested Kings about whom nothing more is known Wadjkare Sekhemkare Iti Imhotep Isu Iytenu 9th and 10th Dynasties 2135 - 1986 Neferkare several kings named Kheti Meri-Hathor (?) Merikare 11th Dynasty Inyotef I (Sehertawy) 2134 - 2117 Inyotef II (Wahankh) 2117-2069 Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnefer) 2069 - 2060 Mentuhotep II 2055 -2004 Mentuhotep III (Sankhkare) 2004 - 1992 Mentuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1992 - 1987 12th Dynasty Amenemhet I (Sehetepibre) 1991 - 1962 Senusret I (Kheperkare) 1956 - 1911 Amenemhet II (Nubkaure) 1911 - 1877 Senusret II (Khakheperre) 1877 - 1870 Senusret III (Khakaure) 1836 - 1817 Amenemhet III (Nimaatre) 1817 - 1772 Amenemhet IV (Maakherure) 1772 - 1763 Neferusobek (Sobekkare) 1763 - 1759 SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 13th Dynasty Wegaf 1783-1779 Amenemhat-senebef Sekhemre-khutawi Amenemhat V Sehetepibre I Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Sehetepibre II Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Sobekhotep I Reniseneb Hor I Amenemhat VII Sobekhotep II Khendjer Imira-mesha Antef IV Seth Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I 1696 - 1686 Sihathor 1685 - 1685 Sobekhotep IV 1685 - 1678 Sobekhotep V 1678 - 1674 Iaib 1674 - 1664 Ay 1664 - 1641 Ini I Sewadjtu Ined Hori Sobekhotep VI Dedumes I Ibi II Hor II Senebmiu Sekhanre I Merkheperre Merikare 14th Dynasty Nehesi Khatire Nebfaure Sehabre Meridjefare Sewadjkare Heribre Sankhibre Kanefertemre Neferibre Ankhkare, ... 15th Dynasty Salitis Bnon Apachnan (Khian) Apophis (Auserre Apepi) Khamudi 16th Dynasty Anat-Her User-anat Semqen Zaket Wasa Qar Pepi III Bebankh Nebmaatre Nikare II Aahotepre Aaneterire Nubankhre Nubuserre Khauserre Khamure Jacob-Baal Yakbam Yoam Amu, ... 17th Dynasty Antef V Rahotep Sobekemzaf I Djehuti Mentuhotep VII Nebirau I Nebirau II Semenenre Suserenre Sobekemzaf II Antef VI Antef VII Tao I (Senakhtenre) Tao II (Sekenenre) Kamose (Wadjkheperre) NEW KINGDOM 18th Dynasty Ahmose (Nebpehtyre) 1539 - 1514 Amenhotep I (Djeserkare) 1514 - 1493 Thutmose I (Akheperkare) 1493 - 1481 Thutmose II (Akheperenre) 1491 - 1479 Hatshepsut (Maatkare) 1473 - 1458 Thutmose III (Menkheperre) 1504 - 1450 Amenhotep II (Akheperure) 1427 - 1392 Thutmose IV (Menkheperure) 1419 - 1386 Amenhotep III (Nebmaatre) 1382 - 1344 Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten 1350 - 1334 Smenkhkare (Ankhkheperure) 1336-1334 Tutankhamun (Nebkheperure) 1334 - 1325 Ay (Kheperkheperure) 1325 - 1321 Horemheb (Djeserkheperure) 1323 - 1295 19th Dynasty Ramesses I (Menpehtyre) 1295 - 1294 Seti I (Menmaatre) 1394 - 1279 Ramesses II (Usermaatresetepenre) 1279 - 1213 Merenptah (Baenrehotephirmaat) 1213 - 1203 Amenmesse (Menmire) 1203 - 1200 Seti II (Userkheperuresetepenre) 1200 - 1194 Siptah (Akhenresetepenre) 1194 - 1188 Tausert (Sitremeritamun) 1185-1187 20th Dynasty Setakht (Userkhauremeryamun) 1186 - 1184 Ramesses III (Usermaatremeryamun) 1184 - 1153 Ramesses IV (Hekamaatresetepenamun) 1153 - 1147 Ramesses V (Usermaatresekheperenre) 1147 - 1143 Ramesses VI (Nebmaatremeryamun) 1143 - 1136 Ramesses VII (Usermaatresetepenre) 1136 - 1129 Ramesses VIII (Usermaatreakhenamun) 1129 - 1126 Ramesses IX (Neferkaresetepenre) 1126 - 1108 Ramesses X (Khepermaatresetepenre) 1108 - 1099 Ramesses XI (Menmaatresetepenptah) 1099 - 1069 THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 21st Dynasty Smedes 1070-1044 Herihor 1080-1074 Amenemnisu 1040 Piankh 1074-1070 Psusennes I 1040-992 Pinedjem I 1070-1032 Amenope 993-984 Masaherta 1054-1046 Osochor 984-978 Menkheperre 1045-992 Siamun 978-959 Smendes II 992-990 Psusennes II 959-945 Pinedjem II 990-969 Psusennes III 969-945 22nd Dynasty Shoshenq I 945-924 Osorkon I 924-909 Takelot 909--? Shoshenq II ?--883 Osorkon II 883-855 Takelot II 860-835 Shoshenq III 835-783 Pami 783-773 Shoshenq IV 773-735 Osorkon IV 735-712 23rd Dynasty Pedubaste I 828-803 Osorkon IV 777-749 Peftjauwybast 740-725 24th Dynasty Shepsesre Tefnakht I 725-720 Wahkare Bakenranef 720-715 25th Dynasty Piye 747-716 BC Shebaka 712-698 Shebitku 698-690 Taharqa 690-664 Tantamani 664-657 26th Dynasty Psammetichus I (Psam-tik) 664-610 Nekau (Necho) II 610-595 Psammetichus II 595-589 Apries 589-570 Amasis 570-526 Psammetichus III 526-525 27th Dynasty Cambyses 525-522 Darius I 521-486 Xerxes I 486-466 Artaxerxes I 465-424 Darius II 424-404 28th Dynasty Amyrtaios 404-399 29th Dynasty Nepherites I 399-393 Psammuthis 393 Hakoris 393-380 Nepherites II 380 30th Dynasty Nectanebo I 380-362 Teos 365-360 Nectanebo II 360-343 31st Dynasty Ochus (Artaxerxes III) 343-338 Arses 338-336 Darius III Codomannus 335-332 Macedonian Kings - Alexandria Alexander the Great 332-323 Philip Arrhidaeus 323-316 Alexander IV 316-304 Ptolemaic Dynasty This period is confusing due to all of the co-regencies. Scholars are not always in agreement on the order of reigns and, in some case, the reigns themselves, from Ptolemy VI through Ptolemy XI. In any event, Egypt's authority and wealth was intact until the death of Cleopatra, at which time, Egypt was overpowered by Rome. Ptolemy I Soter I 323-285 Ptolemy II Philadelphus 282-246 Ptolemy III Euergeter I 246-222 Ptolemy IV Philopator 222-205 Ptolemy V Epiphanes 205-180 Ptolemy VI Philometor 180-164 163-145 Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 145 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 170-163 & 145-116 Cleopatra III & Ptolemy IX Soter II 116-107 & 88-80 Cleopatra III & Ptolemy X Alexander I 107-88 Cleopatra Berenice 81-80 Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 80-58 & 55-51 Berenice IV 58-55 Cleopatra VII & Ptolemy XIII 51-47 Cleopatra & Ptolemy XIV 47-44 Cleopatra VII & Ptolemy XV Cesarion 44-30 BC
Which Pharaoh enslaved the jews?
Answer 1"According to the Jews they were enslaved by the Egyptians. who were not black."Answer 2Answer 1 is not accurate, there is no archeological record of the Hebrews in Egypt, the Egyptians had no record of the Hebrews and within the pages of the Old Testament cannot give the name of the Pharaoh who enslaved them. The Ancient Egyptians were African people of African descent and to say otherwise defies the science and the history of the situation.Answer 3Answer 2 is wrong. In the Brooklyn Museum there is a papyrus scroll (numbered 35:1446) dated to the reign of Sobekhotep III (the pharaoh one generation prior to Moses). This document decrees the transfer of 95 slaves by name; half of which are Semitic. It lists the names both in the original Semitic language as well as the Egyptian names assigned to each. Seeing as more than half of the list are Israelite one can infer that a large group of Semites resided in the Egyptian Delta of that time.In the past, archeologist have been searching in the strata of the Nineteenth Dynasty. Various recent recalculations have revealed that the timeline equates more with the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. More and more artifacts have begun to emerge that date the Israelites in Egypt since this correction.The Pharaoh of the Exodus was Dudimose. You can find writings by Manetho (the Egyptian historian who wrote an account on the collapse of Egypt during the reign of Dudimose). Some of his accounts are directly relevant to biblical accounts. You should also read about the Ipuwer papyri.Answer 4There are two parts to this question.The first is whether Jews were enslaved by people in Egypt at some time in history (probably the Biblical Period). The answer to this is subject to historical conjecture, but the overwhelming majority of Israeli scholarship (which would have a strong interest in proving the Biblical account) has come to the conclusion that the events of the Exodus did not actually happen and Jews were never slaves in Egypt. Of course, religious individuals may argue with this and that is entirely their prerogative. They may even be right since scholarship has not ruled it impossible.The second is that assuming that Jews were enslaved in Egypt, were Blacks the slave-makers or the slave-owners. For this there is little evidence. Blacks (like Kushites, etc.) were not a large part of Egyptian society until after the Kushites conquered Egypt. This would not have occurred before the Jewish Enslavement and therefore the overwhelming majority of Egyptian slave-makers, slave-traders, and slave-owners would have been "olive-skinned" Egyptians.Answer 5Jewish tradition is that the Jews were enslaved by the Egyptians and that the Exodus took place as described in the Bible. A large part of Judaism is based upon this part of Jewish history; and we possess the names, dates and details of the events and people. Since it has been estimated that less than one percent of the available material in archaeological sites in Israel has been excavated, not to mention those in the rest of the ancient Near East, lack of outside evidence is not to be construed as disproof. This was borne out recently, when an inscription naming the House of David was found, after his existence had long been denied by scholars.In response to the original question, Jewish tradition is that the Egyptians were a dark-skinned people, though less so than the descendants of Put and Cush.
