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A hay rake could easily be made by any farming peasant, using materials found in the woods, hedgerows and lanes. Rakes were not generally used on soil at that time.

A piece of green (new) ash wood made the head of the rake and the teeth. The long handle was of coppiced hazel, split at the top for about 20 inches and wedged open until it retained this forked shape. Coppiced hazel is second-growth wood that grows tall, thin and straight.

The handle would be bound tightly with a strip of tree bark just below the split, to prevent the wood splitting any further.

Holes were drilled in the ash head with an auger (a twist-drill) and the teeth were hammered tightly into these holes. As the ash wood dried it would shrink, holding the teeth firmly in place without glue. Two more holes were drilled in the side of the head for the split ends of the handle to fit into; small oak wedges were used to fix these permanently in place. No glue, no nails, no screws or other metal fittings.

See link below for an image:

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Q: Who made a rake in medieval times?
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