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Aristahrcus. He attempted to just remember that.
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The earth's diameter is 3.67 times the moon's, and 0.0092 of the sun's diameter. The distance to the sun is 391 times the distance to the moon. The moon's diameter is 0.283 of the earth's, and 0.0025 of the sun's. The distance to the earth is 0.0026 times the distance to the sun. The sun's diameter is 109 times the earth's, and 400 times the moon's diameter. On the average over a month, the earth and moon are at equal distances from the sun.
The phases of the moon are caused by the relative positions of the sun, the moon and the observer. It is possible to see phases of the moon in space depending on your position relative to the sun and the moon.
In a line. Sun, Moon, Earth or Sun, Earth, Moon
The sun can sometimes be behind the moon, it depends on where the moon, earth and sun are relative to each other.
For example, when the Moon is opposite to the Sun, it is full moon; when it is in the same direction as the Sun, it is new moon.
Gravity
The relative position in the sky (relative to the Sun) is completely related to the phase. For example, at full moon the Moon will be opposite the Sun (an angle of almost 180 degrees), at new moon it will be near the Sun (an angle near zero degrees), and at half-moon it will be at a 90 degrees angle.
Stellar distances are measured in light-years, which is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.