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The Ancient Greeks attempted to measure the relative distances to the moon and the sun. Notably, the Greek philosopher Aristarchus proposed a method for determining the distance to the moon based on the angle between the sun and the moon during a half-moon phase.
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A lunar day, also known as a "day" on the Moon, is measured as the time it takes for the Moon to complete one rotation on its axis relative to the Sun. This period is equivalent to about 29.5 Earth days.
The phases of the moon are caused by the relative positions of the sun, the moon and the observer. It is possible to see phases of the moon in space depending on your position relative to the sun and the moon.
For example, when the Moon is opposite to the Sun, it is full moon; when it is in the same direction as the Sun, it is new moon.
Gravity
During a total solar eclipse, the moon appears the same size as the sun because of a coincidence in their relative distances and sizes. The moon is about 400 times smaller than the sun, but it is also about 400 times closer to Earth than the sun. This alignment causes the moon to perfectly cover the sun, creating the illusion that they are the same size in the sky.
The phases of the moon are created by the relative position of the moon, to the earth, to the sun.
The phases of the moon are created by the relative position of the moon, to the earth, to the sun.
Stellar distances are measured in light-years, which is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.