Alabama was mostly territory claimed by the English, and was considered part of the Georgia colony. The Gulf Coast part was also claimed by Spain at one point.
The U.S. has never owned Canada.
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The colony of South Carolina was "owned" by the British - before the Revolutionary War ended in victory for the U.S. in 1981.
Columbia owned the area around Panama before the US helped Panama form its own country.
There were thousands of people who owned slaves in the state of Alabama prior to the end of slavery. The slaves were used for manual labor on their farms.
No. Alabama is a US state, not a US protectorate.