Nobody did. Neutrons have always existed. Earnest Rutherford suggest neutrons might exist about 11 years before their existence was proven.
Cosmic microwave background radiation was predicted by Big Bang Cosmology about 16 years before the former was discovered -- by accident. The existence, isotropy, and spectrum of CMBR are all exactly as predicted by BBC, and all alternatives to BBC are reduced to stating, "It's just there and there is absolutely no explanation for it."
They used historical data. Written weather references go back hundreds of years - long before computers were invented.
Albert Einstein predicted their existence using some pretty complicated math. It was not until some years after his death that we actually detected one (Cygnus X-1).
2
10 years
Pericles died two thousand years before the US came into existence.
It was predicted that the Saint Louis Arch would last more than 100 years. As of 2014, the arch is about 45 years old.
Runes had been in existence for nealy a thousand years before the Vikings. They originated with the Germanic tribes of Northern Europe.
Taj mahal completed its 350 years of existence
Brazil have been existing for many years, the team was there before the 1930 world cup even.
Buddhismoriginated in India, but dominated the world for centuries before the great decline, which the Buddha himself predicted before his parinirvana. Buddhism is very much relevant today as it was two five thousand years ago.
It was predicted that the world will end at 11 minute's past 11 on December 21st 2012,but they have predicted the world will come to end many times before and it has not and it probably will not for another 3-5 billion years.