The United States Patent Office
In the USA alone there have been over 8,300,000 patents issued. Add to these all of the other patents in all of the other countries and you will have your answer.
Patents are covered by federal statutes. In the USA they are in Title 35 US Code. Each country has its own laws.
For patents in the USA you can search at http://patft.uspto.gov/. This site has a comprehensive search engine that gives you several ways to look through the US patent database at both issued patents and patents that are still in the application process.
99,220, including utility patents, plant patents, design patents, and reissues.
The USPTO granted a total of 247,727 patents from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011, including Reissue Patents, Plant Patents, Design Patents, and Utility Patents.
Yes. They are initially good for 20 years, but may be renewed. In the USA and most other countries, expired patents cannot be renewed and the invention is permanently "public domain" property.
The US Patent Office issued 99,200 total patents from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1990, including 9 reissue patents, 6 plant patents, 194 design patents, and 98,991 utility patents.
1093! - The largest number held by any one person at that time. Today, there are dozens of companies that get more than that number of patents issued in the USA in a single year. Many of Edison' patents were invalid because he stole the ideas, including all of his so-called "light bulb patents", which were stripped by the patent office in 1893.
Charles Kettering had 104 patents.
43 patents
The website Free Patents Online provides descriptions of patents, with downloadable PDFs of their schematics. Alternatively, the website Patents provides text descriptions but no images.
As of 2010, General Electric (GE) has 1,222 patents. Aside from this, they have filed 37, 268 patents in the US.