No, Catherine the Great did not abolish serfdom during her reign as Empress of Russia.
She expanded serfdom.
Russia abolished serfdom, which was a form of semi-feudal slavery, in 1861 under Tsar Alexander II. This decree freed over 23 million serfs and marked the end of serfdom in Russia.
Catherine the Great ended serfdom in Russia by issuing a manifesto in 1767 that allowed landowners to free their serfs voluntarily. This was followed by further reforms in 1785 that granted serfs more rights and protections.
The Russian nobility weren’t willing to free the people who were in serfdom. Catherine the Great presented the idea to her court and was turned down.
Alexander II
Serfdom in Russia was formally established during the reign of Ivan IV, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, but it evolved gradually over time. While Ivan the Terrible ruled from 1547 to 1584, the legal framework for serfdom became more entrenched later in the 17th century, particularly with the 1649 Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Code) that solidified serfs' status. By this time, serfdom had become a widespread institution in Russian society.
Serfdom held them back and posed a challenge to their progress.
Czar Alexander II freed the serfs in his empire in 1742. While they were freed, they were still very poor and still worked in terrible conditions.
Catherine the Great attempted reforms to benefit her people, but her actions were flawed in some important ways. The authority and power of the nobility increased at the expense of the serfs, and the condition of ordinary people deteriorated.
It would possibly depend upon your definition of "Serfdom", but I believe the 1917 revolution and subsequent overthrow of the Tsar effectively ended Serfdom in Russia by any definition. The pre-revolutionary Russian economy was heavily dependent on free labour, which was augmented by exiled prisoner labour. Earlier attempts at freeing the Serfs during the Romanov Dynasty ended in unpleasantness and the Serfs not being freed.
Peter the Great 'westernized' Russia by introducing European technical knowledge, fashion and ideas to Russia; Alexander II abolished serfdom in Russia, freeing some 15 million people from slavery.