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There were allegations that Nero had set fire to Rome in the Great Fire of 64. However, Tacitus, a historian who lived during this period and the only one who gave details of the fire, said that Nero was not in Rome when the fire started. He also said that Nero made great efforts to help the people affected by the fire, spent days searching for survivors without bodyguards, opened his palaces to host the homeless and bought food supplies with his money. He then made an urban plan with houses built on wider roads and faced by porticoes.

The allegations of arson were made by writers who were not around at the time of the fire and who were patricians (aristocrats) and were hostile to Nero. They were keen on slandering him because the patricians hated Nero. On the other hand, the poor loved Nero and were very upset when he died. These writers alleged that Nero set fire to the city to make room to build a massive palace. However, fires in Rome were very common as it was an overcrowded city and timber was used to build houses, which were packed in alleys. There were other large fires in 69 and 80 AD.

Suetonius, who was not even born at the time of the fire, and Cassius Dio, who lived about 100 years after the episode were the ones who alleged that Nero set Rome alight. According to one legend Nero played the fiddle during the fire. However, the fiddle did not exist in Nero's time.

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