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What is class struggle?
The term "class struggle" applies to the conflicts between the major groups of society as seen by socialist philosophers. As opposed to divisions by wealth, Karl Marx talks mainly about two classes that include the vast majority of the population, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and subclasses that include aspects of both. The proletariat refers to the lower or "working class". The bourgeosie refers to the groups who own capital or the means of production, or the "merchant class". One tenet of Marxism is that under capitalism the minority bourgeosie dominate the majority, the proletariat. Marx advocated the equal and collective ownership of society's productive resources, which is communism.
What were the political differences between the US and the USSR?
Primarily, the major differences in the system of government, but also the general mentality of the common people; rugged individualism being rappent in the US - each person representing the bourgeosie - the every man was more focused on the pursuit of his own rise of power. By contrast, in the USSR (in the former part of it's regime at least) people were generally more focussed on the interests of the state rather than the fufilment of one's own goals. This led to a vastly different social structure and class system between the "East" and the "West".
How this quotation explains the current socio-economic life and political situation in nigeria. All human history is th history of class struggle conflict and expolitation?
The statement "All human history is the history of class struggle." is perhaps the most ingenious and yet simplest quote ever written. This quote is very accurate as it reminds us of how human beings have been divided and distributed to different class structures. In Nigeria, a nation formerly under the control and influence of European imperialists during the 19th to mid-20th Century, has encountered most of its problems such as strife, ethnic groupings, and the war to control the government. In the 1960s, Nigeria, which was free of its former European sovereigner, was under the main control of the Ibo, a group in the Southeast which had great influence over Nigerian politics. Other groups of Nigeria launched violent massacres and riots against the Ibo whom they opposed and detested. In the southeast region where the Ibo mainly lived was a Colonel who had helped in a previous coup of the Nigerian government. This military man, Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu, the governor of the Southeast region, declared the region's independence from Nigeria and declared it the Republic of Biafra. From May 30, 1967 to January 15, 1970, the struggling Biafran republic was in the middle of a conflict that was to determine its fate. Although receiving backing from the French and Rhodesians, the red-block Soviets supported the Nigerians and even initated a naval blockade against Biafra. The Biafrans fought onward even though overwhelmed by the Soviet's blockade along with starvation, believing that if Biafra succumbed it would be wiped off the map through genocide. The Biafrans eventually succumbed and the Southeast was re-established to Nigeria. In the Biafran War, nearly 1 million citizens as well as hundreds of thousands of troops from both side perished in the war as a result of starvation or the war itself. After the Biafran War, some Western European nations may have thought whether it was a good idea to abdicate sovereignty and carve their former colonial empires into sectors for the indigeneous people. After the creation of the UN, the Trutseeship Council managed colonies that were willing to be separated from the Western European leadership. After these nations were liberated, they transformed themselves from one time colonies to the third or either fourth world. The period from independence was usually filled with bloodshed against religious and or ethnical groups that happened to be minorities or rivals. In India, following independence from the British Empire in 1947, was plunged in a period of extreme violence and killings in which was to Gandhi's disappointment. In order to protest these riots against both Hindus and Muslims, Gandhi protested by engaging himself in a hunger strike. The two religious groups, unwilling to see the crusader for independence perish, called off attacks against one another, restoring a temporarily stable peace for India. Believing Gandhi had disgraced the native Hindu cause by tolerating Muslims, a Hindu extremist shot and killed Gandhi, ending all hopes for avoiding war. As a result, the violence and bloodshed would continue as both religious groups would encounter one another on their exoduses from either India to Pakistan or the other way around. Two states had emerged as a result of the exoduses: the Islamic State of Pakistan and the Indian Republic ruled by a Hindu-majority. The two states would engage each other in several wars, one in which secured the independence of Hindu-inhabited East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in the early 1970s. The teachings of Karl Marx, the author of the then hardly read Communist Manifesto, wrote and argued once the quote in the first paragraph. He observed each time period from Ancient Rome to the then industrializing Europe and observed each class or social grouping at each time period. Succeeding Rome's fall was the Feudal Era (or Middle Ages) and succeeding that was the Capitalist Era, rooming with the "Bourgeosie." In several of his writings, Marx describes a contrast between the working-class and repressed proletariat to the greedy and middle-class "Bourgeosie" who owned the factories and exploited the proletariat. Marx, in addition, claimed that the means of production were in the hands of the Bourgeosie who would dominate the factories and benefit from the working person's hard labor. Having measured world history up to 1848 in separate social periods that described each class division, Marx believed that the Capitalist Era would eventually collapse to a revolution of the Proletariat, which would oust the "bourgeosie" capitalists from owning the means of production. To replace the previous and ousted Era, the dicatorship of the Proletariat would follow the capitalist era. With the means of production in the hands of the proletariat and ruling class, the era of the dicatorship of the proletariat would eventually fold into a classless society somewhat like a utopia. Marx's teachings were just basically explained in the previous sentences of the paragraph. From the publication of his Communist Manifesto, written alongside the factory owner-turned-socialist Fredrich Engels, in 1848, very few Europeans read his pamphlet as many European regimes at the time were experiencing massive riots and revolutions at the time. Marx and Engels may have thought that the period of the dicatorship of the proletariat was beginning until the revolutions were all but quashed by the regal regimes, becoming only successful in France where King Louis-Phillippe, the Citizen King, was ousted from power and replaced with the Second French Republic headed by Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew who ran as President. (Charles Napoleon, President of the Republic at the time, would later in the early 1850s stage a coup d'etat of the government which would overthrow the French Republic and install a Second French Empire headed by him who would rule as Emperor Napoleon III.) Many of Marx's teachings may have came from the French utopian socialist movement that emerged in Western Europe following the Napoleonic Wars. Under such teachers as Fourier, the French utopian movement would contribute many ideas to the emerging left-wing of politics. So, Marx, in his pamphlet and other books such as Das Kapital written decades after the Communist Manifesto, observed the different classes and campaigned for a revolution of the working class against the capitalists. However, an alternative to extremist Communism would probably be democratic socialism which simply argues for the redistribution of government wealth amongst the poor. Such democratic socialists are Martin Luther King Jr., President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the famous author George Orwell who, in the 1930s and 1940s, wrote books such as Nineteen-Eighty-Four and Animal Farm to oppose the Stalinist Soviet Union. c my won is better
Some brief history of Great Britain?
The first Celtic tribes, the Goidels or Gales are believed to have come to the British isles between 800 & 700 BC. Two centuries later they were followed by the Brythons or ancient Britons after whom the country was called Britain.The first Roman invasion was led by Julius Caesar in 55 BC. But Britain was not conquered until some 90 years later, under Emperor Claudius, in 43 AD. Although the Roman occupation of Britain lasted nearly 400 years, it's effects were few. The people did not adopt the Latin language & so Latin did not displace Celtic.In the middle of the 5th century, three Germanic tribes - The Angles, Saxons and Jute's invaded Britain from the continent. From the 8th century the Anglo-Saxons had to face Scandinavian invaders - the Danes and the Norsemen sometimes refereed to as Vikings -who occupied parts of Britain & made some permanent settlements. The Scandinavian invasions continued till the 11th century. The Anglo Saxon period can be characterised as a period of transition from a tribal to feudal organisation of society.The period of feudalism started around 1066 and lasted to the 15th century. In this period the modern English nation and language came into being. It was a period of struggle for power between kings & between powerful nobles a period of frequent wars, bloodshed & suffering. But it was also a period in which the development of the wool trade and the early decline of feudalism prepared the way for England's rise as a world power.The period between 1485 and 1603 is known as the Tudor Period. It was a turning point in English history. England became one of the leading powers. The two famous rulers of the House of Tudor were Henry VIII. and Elisabeth I. The Elizabethan age produced the world's greatest playwright William Shakespeare.The first 40 years of the 17th century can be characterised as a period of growing conflict between the King and parliament, representing the interests of the bourgeosie. The conflict let to the civil war in the 1640 which resulted in the abolition of the monarchy and in Cromwell's military rule in the middle of the century. This period ended in the Glorious Revolution which marked the end of the English bourgeoise revolution.In the period of 1688 to 1760 England definitely took the lead in European commerce created the conditions necessary for the establishment of an empire and prepared the way for the industrial revolution.During the Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1850) Britain became the first industrial power in the world, "the workshop of the world." The Anglo- French rivalry for world domination which had started in the previous period continued and culminated in the Napoleonic Wars (1803 - 1815).The Victorian era which comprised the second half of the 19th century, called after queen Victoria, was a period in which Britain became the strongest world power: besides being the greatest financial and commercial power, the greatest sea power and the greatest colonial power. In was the era of the greatest colonial expansion, especially in Africa.The 20th century is a period of the decline of Britain as a world power a period of crises of the two world wars, from which Britain emerged as a victor, but greatly weakened. It is characterised by the disintegration of Britain's colonial empire and the effort to adjust Britain to the new situation by joining the other developed capitalist countries of western Europe in EEC
