Irving Langmuir in 1919.
This is called covalent bonding.
The type of covalent bond in a diamond is a 'giant covalent' bond in a crystalline structure. Actually, I think it's called a covalent network solid. I don't think chemists and physicists would like to use a layman's term like "giant".
A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs ofelectrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds. In short, the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.[1]Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interaction, including σ-bonding, π-bonding, metal to metal bonding, agostic interactions, and three-center two-electron bonds.[2][3] The term covalent bond dates from 1939.[4] The prefix co- means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser degree,etc.; thus a "co-valent bond", essentially, means that the atoms share "valence", such as is discussed in valence bond theory. In the molecule H2, the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding. Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativities. Thus, covalent bonding does not necessarily require the two atoms be of the same elements, only that they be of comparable electronegativity. Although covalent bonding entails sharing of electrons, it is not necessarily delocalized. Furthermore, in contrast to electrostatic interactions ("ionic bonds") the strength of covalent bond depends on the angular relation between atoms in polyatomic molecules.
When atoms share electrons as opposed to transferring them, the atoms are covalently bonded.
The term 'covalent' is usually applied to a bond in the context of chemistry; electrons are the particles that participate in bonding. The act of bonding helps atoms achieve a stable configuration, one way of achieving this is by sharing its outer electrons in a bond. One might say the stability of an atom increases thereby.
Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interaction, including σ-bonding, π-bonding, metal-to-metal bonding, agostic interactions, and three-center two-electron bonds. The term covalent bond dates from 1939. The prefix co- means jointly, associated in action, partnered to a lesser degree, etc.; thus a "co-valent bond", in essence, means that the atoms share "valence". God bless! (:
Ionic bonds form from high differences in electronegativity. ******************2nd Opinion************** The above statement is very true, but unequal sharing is the term usually cited in conjunction with polar covalent bonds.
Hydrogen bonding, strictly this is an inermolecular force and is not called a chemical bond by most chemists who reserve te term for covalent, ionic and metallic bonds.
Usually none at all. Sometimes the term single bond is used as shorthand for sigma- bond where the bonding electrons are along the bond axis.
chemical bonding
Another name for a dative covalent bond is 'coordinate covalent bond'.
Rene-Maurice Gattefosse