Who won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1957?

Answer 1

{| |+ Nobel Prizes ! Year |- ! Peace ! Chemistry ! Physics ! Physiology or Medicine ! Literature | 1901 J. H. Dunant

Frédéric Passy J. H. van't Hoff W. C. Roentgen E. A. von Behring R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme 1902 Élie Ducommun

C. A. Gobat Emil Fischer H. A. Lorentz

Pieter Zeeman Sir Ronald Ross Theodor Mommsen 1903 Sir William R. Cremer S. A. Arrhenius A. H. Becquerel

Pierre Curie

Marie S. Curie N. R. Finsen Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904 Institute of International Law Sir William Ramsay J. W. S. Rayleigh Ivan P. Pavlov Frédéric Mistral

José Echegaray 1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner Adolf von Baeyer Philipp Lenard Robert Koch Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906 Theodore Roosevelt Henri Moissan Sir Joseph Thomson Camillo Golgi

S. Ramón y Cajal Giosuè Carducci 1907 E. T. Moneta

Louis Renault Eduard Buchner A. A. Michelson C. I. A. Laveran Rudyard Kipling 1908 K. P. Arnoldson

Fredrik Bajer Sir Ernest Rutherford Gabriel Lippman Paul Ehrlich

Élie Metchnikoff R. C. Eucken 1909 Auguste Beernaert

P. H. B. Estournelles de Constant Wilhelm Ostwald Guglielmo Marconi

K. F. Braun Emil T. Kocher Selma Lagerlöf 1910 International Peace Bureau Otto Wallach J. D. van der Waals Albrecht Kossel Paul Heyse 1911 T. M. C. Asser

A. H. Fried Marie S. Curie Wilhelm Wien Allvar Gullstrand Maurice Maeterlinck 1912 Elihu Root Victor Grignard

Paul Sabatier N. G. Dalen Alexis Carrel Gerhart Hauptmann 1913 Henri La Fontaine Alfred Werner Heike Kamerlingh Onnes C. R. Richet Sir Rabindranath Tagore 1914 T. W. Richards Max von Laue Robert Barany 1915 Richard Willstätter Sir William H. Bragg

Sir William L. Bragg Romain Rolland 1916 Verner von Heidenstam 1917 International Red Cross C. G. Barkla K. A. Gjellerup

Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 Fritz Haber Max Planck 1919 Woodrow Wilson Johannes Stark Jules Bordet C. F. G. Spitteler 1920 Léon Bourgeois Walther Nernst C. E. Guillaume S. A. S. Krogh Knut Hamsum 1921 Hjalmar Branting

C. L. Lange Frederick Soddy Albert Einstein Anatole France 1922 Fridtjof Nansen F. W. Aston N. H. D. Bohr A. V. Hill

Otto Meyerhof Jacinto Benavente y Martinez 1923 Fritz Pregl Robert A. Millikan Sir Frederick G. Banting

J. J. R. Macleod W. B. Yeats 1924 K. M. G. Siegbahn Willem Einthoven W. S. Reymont 1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain

Charles G. Dawes Richard Zsigmondy James Franck

Gustav Hertz G. B. Shaw 1926 Aristide Briand

Gustav Stresemann Theodor Svedberg J. B. Perrin Johannes Fibiger Grazia Deledda 1927 F. É. Buisson

Ludwig Quidde Heinrich Wieland A. H. Compton

C. T. R. Wilson Julius Wagner-Jauregg Henri Bergson 1928 Adolf Windaus Sir Owen W. Richardson C. J. H. Nicolle Sigrid Undset 1929 Frank B. Kellogg Sir Arthur Harden

Hans von Euler-Chelpin L. V. de Broglie Christian Eijkman

Sir Frederick G. Hopkins Thomas Mann 1930 Nathan Söderblom Hans Fischer Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman Karl Landsteiner Sinclair Lewis 1931 Jane Addams

Nicholas Murray Butler Carl Bosch

Friedrich Bergius Otto H. Warburg E. A. Karlfeldt 1932 Irving Langmuir Werner Heisenberg E. D. Adrian

Sir Charles Sherrington John Galsworthy 1933 Sir Norman Angell P. A. M. Dirac

Erwin Schrödinger Thomas H. Morgan I. A. Bunin 1934 Arthur Henderson Harold C. Urey G. H. Whipple

G. R. Minot

W. P. Murphy Luigi Pirandello 1935 Carl von Ossietzky Frédéric Joliot-Curie

Irène Joliot-Curie Sir James Chadwick Hans Spemann 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas P. J. W. Debye C. D. Anderson

V. F. Hess Sir Henry H. Dale

Otto Loewi Eugene O'Neill 1937 E. A. R. Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood Sir Walter N. Haworth

Paul Karrer C. J. Davisson

Sir George P. Thomson Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi Roger Martin du Gard 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees Richard Kuhn Enrico Fermi Corneille Heymans Pearl S. Buck 1939 Adolf Butenandt

Leopold Ruzicka E. O. Lawrence Gerhard Domagk F. E. Sillanpää 1940 1941 1942 1943 Georg von Hevesy Otto Stern E. A. Doisy

Henrik Dam 1944 International Red Cross Otto Hahn I. I. Rabi Joseph Erlanger

H. S. Gasser J. V. Jensen 1945 Cordell Hull A. I. Virtanen Wolfgang Pauli Sir Alexander Fleming

E. B. Chain

Sir Howard W. Florey Gabriela Mistral 1946 J. R. Mott

Emily G. Balch J. B. Sumner

J. H. Northrop

W. M. Stanley P. W. Bridgman H. J. Muller Hermann Hesse 1947 American Friends Service Committee and Friends Service Council Sir Robert Robinson Sir Edward V. Appleton C. F. Cori

Gerty T. Cori

B. A. Houssay André Gide 1948 Arne Tiselius P. M. S. Blackett Paul H. Müller T. S. Eliot 1949 John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd Orr W. F. Giauque Hideki Yukawa W. R. Hess

Egas Moniz William Faulkner 1950 Ralph J. Bunche Otto Diels

Kurt Alder C. F. Powell Philip S. Hench

Edward C. Kendall

Tadeus Reichstein Bertrand Russel, Earl Russell 1951 Léon Jouhaux Edwin M. McMillan

Glenn T. Seaborg Sir John D. Cockcroft

Ernest T. S. Walton Max Theiler Pär F. Lagerkvist 1952 Albert Schweitzer A. J. P. Martin

R. L. M. Synge Felix Bloch

E. M. Purcell S. A. Waksman François Mauriac 1953 George C. Marshall Hermann Staudinger Frits Zernike F. A. Lipmann

Sir Hans A. Krebs Sir Winston L. S. Churchill 1954 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Linus C. Pauling Max Born

Walther Bothe J. F. Enders

F. C. Robbins

T. H. Weller Ernest Hemingway 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud Willis E. Lamb, Jr.

Polykarp Kusch A. H. T. Theorell Halldór K. Laxness 1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood

Nikolai N. Semenov W. B. Shockley

W. H. Brattain

John Bardeen D. W. Richards, Jr.

A. F. Cournand

Werner Forssmann Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957 Lester B. Pearson Sir Alexander R. Todd Tsung-Dao Lee

Chen Ning Yang Daniele Bovet Albert Camus 1958 Georges Henri Pire Frederick Sanger P. A. Cherenkov

Igor Y. Tamm

Ilya M. Frank Joshua Lederberg

G. W. Beadle

E. I. Tatum Boris L. Pasternak 1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker Jaroslav Heyrovsky Emilio Segrè

Owen Chamberlain Severo Ochoa

Arthur Kornberg Salvatore Quasimodo 1960 Albert J. Luthuli W. F. Libby D. A. Glaser Sir Macfarlane Burnet

P. B. Medawar St.-John Perse 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld Melvin Calvin Robert Hofstadter

R. L. Moessbauer Georg von Bekesy Ivo Andrić 1962 Linus C. Pauling M. F. Perutz

J. C. Kendrew L. D. Landau J. D. Watson

F. H. C. Crick

M. H. F. Wilkins John Steinbeck 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross

League of Red Cross Societies Giulio Natta

Karl Ziegler Eugene Paul Wigner

Maria Goeppert Mayer

J. Hans D. Jensen Sir John Carew Eccles

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin

Andrew Fielding Huxley George Seferis 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin Charles Hard Townes

Nikolai Gennadiyevich Basov

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov Konrad E. Bloch

Feodor Lynen Jean-Paul Sartre 1965 United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Robert Burns Woodward Richard Phillips Feynman

Shinichiro Tomonaga

Julian Seymour Schwinger François Jacob

André Lwoff

Jacques Monod M. A. Sholokhov 1966 Robert S. Mulliken Alfred Kastler Francis Peyton Rous

Charles Brenton Huggins S. Y. Agnon

Nelly Sachs 1967 Manfred Eigen

Ronald George Wreyford Norrish

George Porter Hans Albrecht Bethe Ragnar Granit

Haldan Keffer Hartline

George Wald Miguel Angel Asturias 1968 René Cassin Lars Onsager Luis W. Alvarez Robert W. Holley

H. Gobind Khorana

Marshall W. Nirenberg Yasunari Kawabata 1969 International Labor Organization Derek H. R. Barton

Odd Hassel Murray Gell-Mann Max Delbrück

Alfred D. Hershey

Salvador B. Luria Samuel Beckett 1970 Norman E. Borlaug Luis Federico Leloir Louis Eugène Néel

Hans Olof Alfven Julius Axelrod

Bernard Katz

Ulf von Euler Alexandr I. Solzhenitsyn 1971 Willy Brandt Gerhard Herzberg Dennis Gabor Earl W. Sutherland Pablo Neruda 1972 Stanford Moore

William Howard Stein

Christian B. Anfinsen John Bardeen

Leon N. Cooper

John Robert Schrieffer Gerald M. Edelman

Rodney R. Porter Heinrich Böll 1973 Henry A. Kissinger

Le Duc Tho Ernst Otto Fischer

Geoffrey Wilkinson Leo Esaki

Ivar Giaever

Brian D. Josephson Konrad Lorenz

Nikolaas Tinbergen

Karl von Frisch Patrick White 1974 Sean MacBride

Eisaku Sato Paul J. Flory Martin Ryle

Antony Hewish Albert Claude

George Emil Palade

Christian de Duve Eyvind Johnson

Harry Martinson 1975 Andrei D. Sakharov John Warcup Cornforth

Vladimir Prelog Aage N. Bohr

Ben Roy Mottelson

James Rainwater David Baltimore

Renato Dulbecco

Howard M. Temin Eugenio Montale 1976 Mairead Corrigan

Betty Williams WIlliam Nunn Lipscomb Burton Richter

Samuel Chao Chung Ting Baruch Samuel Blumberg

Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Saul Bellow 1977 Amnesty International Ilya Prigogine Philip W. Anderson

Sir Nevill F. Mott

John H. Van Vleck Rosalyn S. Yalow

Roger C. L. Guillemin

Andrew V. Schally Vicente Aleixandre 1978 Menachem Begin

Anwar al-Sadat Peter Mitchell Peter Kapitza

Arno A. Penzias

Robert W. Wilson Werner Arber

Daniel Nathans

Hamilton O. Smith Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979 Mother Teresa Herbert C. Brown

Georg Wittig Steven Weinberg

Sheldon L. Glashow

Abdus Salam Allan Macleod Cormack

Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield Odysseus Elytis 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Paul Berg

Walter Gilbert

Frederick Sanger James W. Cronin

Val L. Fitch Baruj Benacerraf

George D. Snell

Jean Dausset Czesław Miłosz 1981 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Kenichi Fukui

Roald Hoffmann Nicolaas Bloembergen

Arthur Schawlow

Kai M. Siegbahn Roger W. Sperry

David H. Hubel

Torsten N. Wiesel Elias Canetti 1982 Alfonso García Robles

Alva Myrdal Aaron Klug Kenneth G. Wilson Sune K. Bergström

Bengt I. Samuelsson

John R. Vane Gabriel García Márquez 1983 Lech Wałęsa Henry Taube Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

William A. Fowler Barbara McClintock William Golding 1984 Desmond Tutu R. Bruce Merrifield Carlo Rubbia

Simon van der Meer Cesar Milstein

George J. F. Köhler

Niels K. Jerne Jaroslav Seifert 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Herbert A. Hauptman

Jerome Karle Klaus von Klitzing Michael S. Brown

Joseph L. Goldstein Claude Simon 1986 Elie Wiesel Dudley R. Herschbach

Yuan T. Lee

John C. Polanyi Ernst Ruska

Gerd Binnig

Heinrich Rohrer Rita Levi-Montalcini

Stanley Cohen Wole Soyinka 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez Donald J. Cram

Charles J. Pedersen

Jean-Marie Lehn K. Alex Müller

J. Georg Bednorz Susumu Tonegawa Joseph Brodsky 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces Johann Deisenhofer

Robert Huber

Hartmut Michel Leon M. Lederman

Melvin Schwartz

Jack Steinberger Gertrude B. Elion

George H. Hitchings

Sir James Black Naguib Mahfouz 1989 Dalai Lama Thomas R. Cech

Sidney Altman Norman F. Ramsey

Hans G. Dehmelt

Wolfgang Paul J. Michael Bishop

Harold E. Varmus Camilo José Cela 1990 Mikhail S. Gorbachev Elias James Corey Richard E. Taylor

Jerome I. Friedman

Henry W. Kendall Joseph E. Murray

E. Donnall Thomas Octavio Paz 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Richard R. Ernst Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Edwin Neher

Bert Sakmann Nadine Gordimer 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Rudolph A. Marcus Georges Charpak Edmond H. Fischer

Edwin G. Krebs Derek Walcott 1993 F. W. de Klerk

Nelson Mandela Kary B. Mullis

Michael Smith Russell A. Hulse

Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. Richard J. Roberts

Phillip A. Sharp Toni Morrison 1994 Yasir Arafat

Shimon Peres

Yitzhak Rabin George A. Olah Clifford G. Shull

Bertram N. Brockhouse Alfred G. Gilman

Martin Rodbell Kenzaburo Oe 1995 Joseph Rotblat

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Paul Crutzen

F. Sherwood Rowland

Mario Molina Martin L. Perl

Frederick Reines Edward B. Lewis

Eric F. Wieschaus

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Seamus Heaney 1996 Carlos Belo

José Ramos-Horta Richard E. Smalley

Robert F. Curl, Jr.

Sir Harold W. Kroto David M. Lee

Robert C. Richardson

Douglas D. Osheroff Peter C. Doherty

Rolf M. Zinkernagel Wisława Szymborska 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines

Jody Williams Paul D. Boyer

Jens C. Skou

John E. Walker Steven Chu

William D. Phillips

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Stanley B. Prusiner Dario Fo 1998 John Hume

David Trimble Walter Kohn

John A. Pople Robert B. Laughlin

Horst L. Störmer

Daniel C. Tsui Robert F. Furchgott

Louis J. Ignarro

Ferid Murad José Saramago 1999 Doctors Without Borders Ahmed H. Zewail Martinus J. G. Veltman

Gerardus 't Hooft Günter Blobel Günter Grass 2000 Kim Dae Jung Alan J. Heeger

Alan G. MacDiarmid

Hideki Shirakawa Zhores I. Alferov

Herbert Kroemer

Jack S. Kilby Arvid Carlsson

Paul Greengard

Eric Kandel Gao Xingjian 2001 United Nations

Kofi Annan William S. Knowles

Ryoji Noyori

K. Barry Sharpless Eric A. Cornell

Wolfgang Ketterle

Carl E. Wieman Leland H. Hartwell

R. Timothy Hunt

Sir Paul M. Nurse V. S. Naipaul 2002 Jimmy Carter John B. Fenn

Koichi Tanaka

Kurt Wüthrich Raymond Davis, Jr.

Masatoshi Koshiba

Riccardo Giacconi Sydney Brenner

H. Robert Horvitz

John E. Sulston Imre Kertész 2003 Shirin Ebadi Peter C. Agre

Roderick MacKinnon Alexei A. Abrikosov

Vitaly L. Ginzburg

Anthony J. Leggett Paul C. Lauterbur

Sir Peter Mansfield J. M. Coetzee 2004 Wangari Maathai Aaron Ciechanover

Avram Hershko

Irwin Rose David J. Gross

H. David Politzer

Frank Wilczek Richard Axel

Linda B. Buck Elfriede Jelinek 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency

Mohamed ElBaradei Yves Chauvin

Robert H. Grubbs

Richard R. Schrock Roy J. Glauber

John L. Hall

Theodor W. Hänsch Barry J. Marshall

J. Robin Warren Harold Pinter 2006 Muhammad Yunus

Grameen Bank Roger Kornberg John C. Mather

George F. Smoot Andrew Z. Fire

Craig C. Mello Orhan Pamuk 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. Gerhard Ertl Albert Fert

Peter Grünberg Mario R. Capecchi

Sir Martin J. Evans

Oliver Smithies Doris Lessing ---- http://www.answers.com/

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Answer 2

It is shared by Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann.

Answer 3

Linus Pauling, for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances

Answer 4

Robert Robinson won the 1947 Nobel Chemistry Prize "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids".

Answer 5

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded jointly to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".

Answer 6

See this link.

Answer 7

Lord Todd