You would see a psychiatrist, who may also recommend other professionals if you need more help. If you need help with day-to-day living (i.e. money and work), see a social worker.
Residual schizophrenia is caused by a partial recovery from schizophrenia. For an explanation of what causes schizophrenia, please see the related question.
"Schizophrenia is a disease that makes you not be able to think very well. If you have schizophrenia, you might think that people are trying to hurt you even if they aren't. You also might hear or see things that aren't there."
There is no one specific test, especially not one that is available on the Internet. If you think that you may have schizophrenia, you should see a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist will be able to diagnose you if you do have schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is a treatable disease. Please see a mental health professional.
It is possible, but it sounds more like a symptom of depression (which often accompanies schizophrenia). Unless you have been diagnosed, we'd go with the depression.
There is no link between schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
Usually hearing voices is a sign of hallucinations which is a sign of mental illness. If you are hearing voices externally then these hallucinations could be signs of schizophrenia. See your doctor, it could be serious.
No, schizophrenia does not go away in time without proper professional medical treatment. In most cases, without treatment, schizophrenia will become much worse over time.
Schizophrenia is a noun, so you use it as you would any other noun (when it is appropriate). Example: Joe developed schizophrenia last spring.
Paranoid schizophrenia is a mental health disorder in which the person believes that he or she is being persecuted when he or she is not, shows a pervasive (continuing) pattern of this, and has those beliefs when most people would say that there is no reason to believe that the person is being persecuted. If John believed that people at work were trying to hurt him and were always talking behind his back, then that would be an indication that John had paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoid adolescent schizophrenia would be paranoid schizophrenia in teenagers, not in adults.
It allows psychologists to identify the differences between nature (what you are born with and cannot be changed, such as genetics) and nurture (what you learn from your surroundings and your environment.) For example, if the child's parents have schizophrenia and the child was adopted for some reason, it would be interesting to see if the child developed schizophrenia later on in life. If the child didn't develop schizophrenia, then the argument would be that you develop schizophrenia from your surroundings, it is learnt. However, if the child did develop schizophrenia, then it is more likely to do with genetics and therefore cannot be changed. Schizophrenia is just an example. It can be applied to lots of areas such as criminal behaviour, aggressive behaviour, mental disorders, illnesses and so forth.
Freud would say that schizophrenia was caused by a dysfunctional family or childhood trauma that manifested in adulthood as schizophrenia. Poor family relationships can affect the way that a child perceives reality and interacts with the world.