Catherine the Great's reform efforts in Russia reflected Enlightenment ideas by focusing on modernization, education, and legal reforms. She promoted religious tolerance, improved access to education, and attempted to modernize Russia's legal system. Her policies were influenced by Enlightenment principles of progress, reason, and the belief in the power of education to improve society.
Enlightenment thought significantly influenced political reform by promoting ideals such as individual rights, liberty, and the social contract. Philosophers like John Locke and Montesquieu challenged absolute monarchy and advocated for democratic governance, separation of powers, and the protection of personal freedoms. These ideas inspired revolutionary movements, such as the American and French Revolutions, leading to the establishment of more representative and egalitarian forms of government. Overall, Enlightenment thought laid the intellectual foundation for modern democratic principles and human rights.
Napoleonic Code.
The goals of the Enlightenment Revolution were to promote reason, individualism, and secularism. It sought to challenge the authority of traditional institutions such as the Church and monarchy and promote ideas of freedom, equality, and progress.
Catherine II the Great used the philosophies that were coming out during the Age of Enlightenment. She was regarded as one of the "enlightened despots," along with Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria. Although she was one of the first monarchs to realize they ruled with some obligation to take care of the country and its people, she still found time to carve Poland up and annex most of it to her empire.
The role politics played in Russia's population crisis was by trying to help increase the population, and reduce the decreasing percent by taxation reform, social reform, pension reform, and budget reform.
Stolypin
Enlightened absolutists, such as Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia, sought to rule as enlightened rulers by implementing some Enlightenment principles, such as religious tolerance, legal reform, and education. They believed in using their power to bring about positive social and administrative reforms while maintaining their authority as monarchs.
Peter the Great's reforms in Russia helped to strengthen the army.
the cluny reform's purpose was to reform the error in monasticism. Monasticism had become corrupt and secular--monks thought they were cultural saviors, and thought they were higher, morally than others. The Cluny Reform was to fix those erros and to reform the thoughts behind monastic living and tradition.
King Louis XVI of France played a complex role during the Enlightenment. While he was not a philosopher or an advocate of Enlightenment ideals, his reign coincided with the rise of Enlightenment thought, which emphasized reason, individual rights, and skepticism of absolute monarchy. His inability to address the financial crisis and social unrest in France ultimately led to the conditions that sparked the French Revolution, where Enlightenment principles were put into action. Thus, Louis XVI is often seen as a symbol of the old regime that the Enlightenment thinkers sought to challenge and reform.
an effort to defend Calvinism against Enlightenment ideas