You asked two widely disparate questions, but there is a connection. 1) See: http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/esam/Chapter_5/section_3.html Light atomic weight elements have higher electron densities due to the nuclei's effective charge with regard to the orbital shells. This is a complicated geometric question of how the nucleons are arranged. The nucleus has a structure just as the electron orbital "shells" have one. 2) See: http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/resources/n-lengths/list.html. The neutron absorption of lead is not much compared to many other elements. And again this has to do with nucleus structure. Isotopic forms of the same element have wildly different absorption cross-sections. Neutron absorption is important to nuclear weapons design and nuclear energy. Here are some sites that do a great job at answering complicated questions such as this: http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/Math-9-94html/models.html http://forum.physorg.com
a free electron may absorb a photon only if its parity changes
For example when the electron absorb energy.
Different elements absorb neutrons to different extents. The measure of this is called the neutron absorption cross section, you can visualise this as the size of a scoop collecting water from a stream, or something similar. Cadmium just happens to have a very large cross section for slow neutrons which are the main cause of the fission chain reaction in a reactor. Boron has similar properties. The precise reason for this involves study of nuclear physics, which you will have to read up in a scientific book on the subject, to get some understanding.
Because they absorb energy.
Absorb neutrons. Examples are boron and cadmium
One or more elements that strongly absorb neutrons, some are:cadmiumboronhafniumetc.
a free electron may absorb a photon only if its parity changes
By the agitation of an electron by a photon.
control rods
A nucleus with too many protons is just a positive ion. It can absorb an electron to create the original atom.
They are neutron absorbers, and by raising/lowering they can absorb variable amounts of neutrons. This allows the reactor to be maintained just critical at a steady power, or power to be raised/lowered, or shutdown completely and safely held down.
For example when the electron absorb energy.
control rods
boron or cadmium control rods.
Uranium is the fuel... moderators can be water... control rods are various substances to absorb extra neutrons some use carbon. Steel (iron) is what the reactor vessel is made of.
Calcium
The dependent ability for elements to absorb light in steller atmospheres is the surface temperature of the star.