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Two reasons:

  1. Weight. Batteries are heavier per energy unit than fuel cells.
  2. Capacity. Fuel cells can store much more energy than batteries.

As a bonus, the weight for the fuel cell fuel reduces the weight of another required consumable: water. The "exhaust" of fuel cells is pure water which astronauts can drink.

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Q: Why are fuel cells used on the space shuttle instead of batteries?
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