They are there so that the water that flows out the overflow skupper runs down and into the drain. When the drain pipe is mounted they end up sealed into the area between the inner and outer bowls of the sink.
No.
No, stand pipe for washing machine is meant only for washing machine. Tie sink into drain line that washing machine stand pipe is tied into. 2" minimum drain line should be what you tie into. Sink drain line use 1 1/2".
If you are talking about a roof water drain pipe to sewer it is illegal. If you are talking about a sink drain pipe well that is where they all connect to so yea.
The pipe out of the wall usually only sticks out a couple of inches. You add what is needed to the sink drain.
You can, I'm not sure that I would. Probably doesn't pass code for one thing. If that is not an issue, that is the main stack. Down to the sewer, up to the roof vent. If you attach a sink drain there, when the toilet is flushed, it will pull venting from wherever it can. Most will still come down from the roof, but being as close as it is, it will also pull from the sink drain and cause a gurgling from the sink. The other consideration is the sink itself. Make sure it has an overflow vent in the rim of the sink. If the one you use doesn't the drain will need a vent of its own, otherwise the sink drain will be trying to pull against a vacuum. Another thought. They make what is called a Saddle Clamp to do what you are talking about. A half piece of pipe with a female connection in the side of it. Made of PVC and held on with two clamps that go around the existing pipe.
Sink drains have holes on the sides to mate with the overflow drain above the drain flange. While most water goes down the top, some may overflow and go behind and though a channel in the wall of the sink. Then that water goes through one of the holes on the side of the drain and goes down. When you are installing it, you should try to align the holes with the overflow channel. You might have to compensate for rotation as you tighten the flange. In other words, you might want to partially block it to where any rotation will cause the pipe to rotate into the correct position. This can be inconvenient when you are attaching the drain kit to a sink that has no overflow holes. In that case, the holes in the pipe serve no purpose, and you have to make sure things are sealed well so it won't leak between the rubber flange and the holes on the side. There may also be a single, threaded hole further down. That is for the lever for the popup valve for the drain. The lever pushes the drain plug up and/or pulls it down.
In my experience, I would say no. Several reasons can prevent the overflow from working. Since the overflow of the sink is rarely used it has a tendency to be blocked at the lower portion where the sink joins the drain pipe. During normal use and over years the holes in the sink drain at the point where the overflow and drain pipe meets has a tendency to clog making the overflow drain slowly. You can notice this when your sink drains with a "gulping" sound. You can test the overflow drain and see how obstructed it is, but do it slowly and do not turn on the faucets on full.
Because a pipe is loose?
No.
yes.
No, stand pipe for washing machine is meant only for washing machine. Tie sink into drain line that washing machine stand pipe is tied into. 2" minimum drain line should be what you tie into. Sink drain line use 1 1/2".
If you are talking about a roof water drain pipe to sewer it is illegal. If you are talking about a sink drain pipe well that is where they all connect to so yea.
A blocked pipe. The water can not go down the pipe, so it comes out in your sink.
Yes a clogged VENT pipe can cause a sluggish drain
Boiling water of course
The sink doesn't have an adequate vent.
The most nessecary tools needed to fix a clogged sink are a plunger to extract the material clogging the sink and a sewer snake to hook and extract the debris.