They were exiled by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia.
Palestine
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The Israelites moved to Judah primarily due to the political and military turmoil in the northern kingdom of Israel, which faced invasions and internal strife. After the Assyrian conquest of Israel in the 8th century BCE, many Israelites sought refuge in Judah, where they hoped to find safety and maintain their cultural and religious practices. Judah offered a more stable environment under the Davidic monarchy, allowing for the preservation of their identity and traditions.
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The southern kingdom of the Israelites is known as Judah. It emerged after the united kingdom of Israel split into two around 930 BCE, with Judah encompassing the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Jerusalem served as its capital and the center of worship, housing the Temple. Judah lasted until it was conquered by the Babylonians in 586 BCE, leading to the Babylonian exile.
King David united the Israelites into a single nation. He was the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
Judah became a leader of the Israelites through his lineage as one of the twelve sons of Jacob, whose name was later changed to Israel. The prominence of his tribe increased after the Israelites settled in Canaan, especially when King David, from the tribe of Judah, united the tribes and established Jerusalem as the capital. This solidified Judah's position as a central figure in Israelite leadership, further enhanced by the prophetic promise that the Messiah would come from his lineage. Over time, Judah's tribe became the most influential, eventually leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Judah.
The most fundamental principle of Judaism is the worship of the One God. The Hebrew Bible, and the prophets, reminded the Israelites of this continuously. When some of the Israelites (people of Israel and/or Judah) ignored these reminders, it constituted a vast break with their tradition; and abandonment of the entire Torah was sure to eventually follow. See also:Monotheism among the Israelites
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According to the Biblical narrative, the Israelites approached Palestine from the East (where Jordan is now). According to archaeology, the Israelites were endemic to the Judean Highlands of Palestine (in what is now the West Bank and central Israel).