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In the Arctic, sea ice forms from water cooled below the freezing point, at about -1.8 °C or 28.8 °F. When the salt precipitates, the fresh water freezes into ice. In the Antarctic, most icebergs are produced by coastal glaciers, formed from compressed snow over many years.

Because water expands when it freezes, ice is less dense than the sea water, and will float at the surface. However, most sea ice floes and icebergs still have most of their mass below the surface.

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