The moon reflects the light of the sun.
As the moon revolves around the earth its relative position between the earth and the sun changes, so light is reflected from different portions of the moon. This is what causes the phases.
The phases of the moon can be observed from any location on Earth.
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3 to 5 phases
the moon is at new or full moon phases in other words between earth and sun, or 'behind' earth. This is because the gravitational pull works with the sun.
8 phases occur 4 wanning 4 waxing types
cqarajo
The gibbous phases of the Moon occur when the visible face of the Moon is more than half illuminated, but not fully illuminated.
Earthshine is the faint glow on the part of the moon that is shadowed. It is best seen during the waning and waxing crescent phases of the moon.
all the time in a month - long cycle
Only at the Full phase.
cqarajo
Higher-than-average "spring" tides occur at the new moon and full moon phases. Lower-than-average "neap" tides happen at the quarter-moon phases.