To reduce the chance of counterfeit notes and also to make the notes last longer.
The Reserve Bank of Australia does not give out that sort of information as a safe guard against potential counterfeiting. They only go so far as to describe it as a "polymer (plastic) substrate".
The Royal Mint is the British Mint, they make coins, not notes, and the Australian Government has no say in what they do. If the Australian Government was to allow the Reserve Bank of Australia to print 50 Billion Dollar notes, no matter who paid for them, there would rampant inflation in a very short period of time, and your 50 Billion Dollar notes would be worthless in a few weeks or maybe months.
The old paper Australian One Hundred Dollar note was mostly grey with small flashes of blue, pink, purple and green. The new polymer Australian One Hundred Dollar note is mostly green. There is no mysteriously mythology behind the colouring of Australian banknotes. They are deliberately designed to be different colours to make distinguishing between the denominations easier.
The Bank of Enlgand uses a variety of security devices on banknotes including, metallic threads, raised lettering, high print quality, ultra-violet and see through features, holographs, micro-lettering and watermarks. The Bank of Enlgand also changes the design of bank notes regularly and withdraws the old notes. The Bank of Enlgand is currently planning to introduce polymer banknotes which will incorporate many of the previously mentioned security devices and should make it nearly impossible to counterfeit realistic looking notes.
No. Captain Cook has yet to make an appearance on any Australian banknote.
All Australian banknotes will have "AUSTRALIA" printed on them in large, difficult to miss letters. All Australian banknotes have the signatures of the "Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia" and the "Secretary to the Treasury". All Australian banknotes have a serial number on them in at least one place. All Australian banknotes have "This Australian note is legal tender throughout Australia and its territories", or something similar printed on them. All Australian banknotes have the denomination printed in letters and printed in numerals. All current Australian banknotes are made from a polymer compound and feature various security devices such as holograms and micro printing to make life more difficult for counterfeiters. See the related link below to the Reserve Bank of Australia for more detail on Australian banknotes.
The first Australian Twenty Dollar notes, along with the One, Two and Ten Dollar notes, were issued on the 14th of February, 1966 for the introduction of Australia's new decimal currency.
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Australia's currency notes are made from plastic (polymer) which lasts four times as long as paper. Australia was the first country in the world to have its complete set of currency banknotes made from this material.
An Australian 1988 Bicentennial Ten Dollar note depending on its condition could get anything from $22 to $100 AUD. These notes were issued as a trial for the later release of polymer bank notes. The 1988 notes were not very good and tended to fall apart. They were withdrawn after a short time. Any banknote with a "genuine" printing flaw would have some value, above the usual, as a collectible banknote. Genuinely flawed banknotes are not necessarily known about or documented until somebody turns up with one, since they are an "accident" of the printing process, and have escaped detection during quality control at the printers therefore, a valuation cannot be anticipated. A reputable coin dealer should be able to identify and confirm the banknote as genuine and make a valuation.
Generally speaking, the thing that makes all bank notes different is the serial number. Each serial number is only used once, and to further make it individualized, the serial number is combined with a letter (or letters) ensuring that no two bank notes will ever have exactly the same serial numbers.
A dry polymer is one that is not in solution. they are used where moisture would create an issue. Sometimes dry polymer powder is added to cement so that when the cement is hydrated to make concrete, the dry polymer is hydrated at the same time. If a wet polymer, or polymer solution were used, it would react with the cement and make it unusable.