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In a conventional fission reactor, the fission process produces large amounts of neutrons, which bounce about inside the reactor. When they strike atoms they can do any of a number of things, including bouncing off, causing the atom to decay, causing the atom to undergo fission, and being captured by the atom and incorporated in its nucleus. The neutron capture is what causes the plutonium to be present.

When a 238U atom captures a neutron, it becomes 239U, which has a half life of 23.45 minutes and decays by negative beta decay to form 239Np. This has a half life of 2.36 days and decays by negative beta decay to form 239Pu, which has a half life of a little over 24100 years. The result is that there is an appreciable amount of plutonium in the spent fuel.

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