because
valsalva maneuver
The Valsalva maneuver to increase thoracic pressure illustrates the effect of external factors on venous pressure.
The Valsalva maneuver is used with patients who have suspected heart abnormalities, often in conjunction with echocardiography.
The Valsalva maneuver also corrects some rapid heartbeats originating in the atria. When the maneuver is done correctly, blood pressure rises. This forces the heart to respond by correcting its rhythm and beating more slowly.
The Valsalva maneuver can indeed induce strokes in the brain due to higher blood pressure in the head, and perhaps broken capillary blood vessels in the eyeballs and elsewhere. Do the maneuver only just as hard as needed to relieve your symptoms (by increasing heart rate, usually).
The Valsalva manuever aids in clearing out the sinuses and the eustatian tubes in the ears and also to stabilize pressure in the ears, for instance when your altitude changes and your ears pop.
In all my years of SCUBA diving, this had never come up as a potential hazard. I was close to dismissing this question but a little googling shows that the Valsalva maneuver can, indeed, result in an elevated blood pressure. Seems to me that it would need to be some really aggressive Valsalva-ing and a susceptible individual for it to be dangerous. See the link for one opinion.
vocal folds
Yes
when a doctor listens to the chest with a stethoscope during the Valsalva maneuver, characteristic heart sounds are heard. Variations in these sounds can indicate the type of abnormality present in the heart.
The Valsalva maneuver should not be performed by patients who have severe coronary artery disease, have experienced recent heart attack, or have a moderate to severe reduction in blood volume.
No. The answer is in the definition of hypertrophy. Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. The Valsalva maneuver does not affect cells in this way. It does, however, remain a cardiac test, a way to 'clear' the sinuses when atmospheric changes have occurred. Remember the last time you drove up a mountain, and it seemed like your ears 'popped'? That was an involuntary reaction to an atmospheric change. The Valsalva maneuver is, of course, used to cause the ears to 'pop', meaning it's equalizing the pressure. There is NO danger in the Valsalva maneuver, but if you have a heart condition, you should stay away from doing this. It's not a hypertrophic issue, its a heart issue.