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One reason that elements don't simply use the capital letter is that there are 118 known elements, but our alphabet only has 26 letters. Additionally, some elements have the same beginning letter, so we must use something else for the symbol. Carbon (C), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and calcium (Ca) can't all be represented by the same symbol. Finally, some chemical symbols are based on the names of elements in other languages, often Latin or Greek. For example lead's symbol, Pb comes from its Latin name, plumbum.

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