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There are two ways to view a firm in terms of options; both of which rely on the Call-Put parity relationship:

C = S - PV(x) + P

The first is the right hand side of the equation. This is saying that equity holders own the firm, owe PV(x) to the bondholders and have a put on the firm. Therefore, if the value of the firm exceeds the value of debt then the equity holders retain the firm and do not use the put. If the value of debt is greater than the value of the firm then the put is exercised to sell the firm in order to pay off the debt.

The second way, which is identical to the first, is simply to say that the equity is a call option on the firm's assets. The bondholder's own the firm, have put PV(x) into the firm and receive the benefits of the firm. However, once the value of the firm exceeds the exercise price then the equity holders (call holders) will exercise their right to buy the firm, as it will now have positive value.

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Q: Why equity is a call option on a firm's assets?
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