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The absorption of light by atoms or molecules depends on the energy state of its electrons. These energy states are determined by:

  • the charge of the nucleus
  • the particular orbitals that the electrons have filled
  • the particular orbitals that the electrons have been excited to
  • the particular bonds and/or hybridized orbitals the electrons have been forced into.

For each of these energy states there is a whole forest of higher energy states that a particular frequency of light can further promote them up to. Once promoted to a higher energy state the electron can then 'cascade down' through all the intermediate energy states radiating off quantum of lower frequency light that is dependent on the energy difference of these states.

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Q: Why gas molecules of atmosphere absorb high frequencies of light?
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