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Just C because it is a carbon allotrope
The atoms of an isotope of one particular element are different from other isotopes of the same element because their atoms have a different number of neutrons.
Graphite is not rare as we know it. Graphite is an allotrope of the element carbon, and carbon is relatively abundant in the earth's crust. You can read more here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite
Gibbous phase is from full to half.
It is the number of protons alone that determines elemental identity. Period. Different atoms of the sameelement can have different numbers of isotopes, called isotopes, but the nature of the element itself - its chemical identity - is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus. Only that.
Graphite is a naturally occurring mineral that is composed of the element carbon (C). Graphite is made up of lots and lots of layers of carbon laid one on top of the other, and it is one allotrope of this element. Diamond, another natural mineral, is also made up of carbon. It is likewise an allotrope of that element, just as graphite is.
Basically a diamond is just an allotrope (a form) of the element carbon. It's made by carbon under very high pressure.
The state of matter is changing, as with any element. However, just before the temperature reaches boiling point, it is in a liquid phase. Just after, it is in a gaseous phase. Boiling points differ based on the element, so this will be true with any element chosen.
No, charcoal is considered a mixture with different substances in it, but if you have pure graphite, it is considered an allotrope of carbon (like diamond).
No, just a layer of graphite by itself
Just C because it is a carbon allotrope
you are made of several different elements, not just one.
Graphite is just an allotrope of the element carbon, in that it is carbon in a different form. Graphite exists in a hexagonal planar structure which allows sheets of graphite to slide over each other easily which is what you see when you write; it is also used as a lubricant (though not in a vacuum) The allotropes of Carbon include diamond, graphite and fullerenes.
no, it is still the same element just a different type
S8 is more of an element than a compound. An element is only itself, and that sort of fits the bill, and a compound is something made of two or more elements, but 'molecule' would better fit the definition of that.
Water exists as liquid water, ice or water vapor (steam). These are examples of phases of water. There is never more than one gas phase, because molecules in the gas phase do not form permanent bonds. Some compounds may exist in two or more solid phases. An example is graphite and diamond (yes, carbon is an element, but the carbon atoms are bonded differently in graphite and diamond. They are more properly regarded as different compounds, even though they consist of just one element.)
Yes, it can. Aluminum oxide, saphires or rubys are all the same mineral. Just with minor elemental differences.