Also,
Difficult to "loop" surveys to check results. Caves/tunnels are linear.
Working underground is more hazardous (rock falls etc).
Transporting equipment is harder.
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From experience, the techniques differ so it's not a very fair comparison.
Iron ore bodies and ferruginous intrusions can affect compasses, in a few areas, but it's not a very widespread problem.
GPS does not work underground full-stop, any more than a portable telephone or other portable radio will work, as these use VHF radio signals that do not penetrate the ground to any extent. Cave radio-location of spot points from the land survace above them, uses a VLF induction method. GPS comes into its own for tying the cave survey to the surface topography, by locating the entrance(s) and other associated features.
The lack of a horizon is never a cave-surveying problem, because you sight the compass and clinometer at a lamp placed at the next survey point, not at the cave feature itself. This also negates the first answer about lack of visual site distances, although zig-zagging meanders with very short sight-lines are very hard to measure accurately over their full length thanks to many small but cumulative and random errors.
Caves are linear. Some are. Most contain at least one loop or other closure-giving feature, and there are well-proven methods for distributing the errors in closing loops. However accuracy is indeed harder to obtain in a purely linear passage.
"Hazardous". Well, yes, caves do contain natural, objective hazards, though rock falls are rare. Most caving accidents are personal slips, trips or falls. Anyway the surface landscape can carry its own hazards too!
Difficult transport. No more so than any other caving equipment. Less so if anything. Don't forget a cave can only be surveyed by cavers of sufficient experience to negotiate the place anyway! The basic surveying tools are water-resistant notebooks & pencils, fabric builders'-type tape-measure, compass and clinometer; and the last 2 are compact devices carried on lanyards worn round the neck.
Modern cave surveying increasingly uses small, portable electronic range-finders like the Leica "Disto" (trade-mark), which uses a low-powered laser. These are used by measuring to chosen points on the cave walls, or heights to unreachable ceilings, rather than target-lamps.
Cave surveying is harder than land surveying due to the complex and unpredictable nature of caves, such as uneven terrain, narrow passages, and lack of natural light. In caves, surveyors have to deal with tight spaces, difficult navigation, and intricate mapping, which requires specialized skills and equipment. Additionally, caves present unique challenges like underground water flow, changing environmental conditions, and the need for ropes and climbing gear to access certain areas.
A lava tube cave can still be considered deep if it extends far below the surface, even if it is not deep in the sense of being far underground. The depth of a cave can be measured by how far it extends vertically from its entrance, not just by its proximity to the surface. Additionally, the size and complexity of the cave system can also contribute to it being considered deep.
Over 400 miles of passageways have been mapped and surveyed in Mammoth Cave National Park, making it the world's longest known cave system. Extensive exploration and mapping efforts have been ongoing to document the complex network of underground passages and chambers.
Wind Cave was formed through the process of dissolution of the surrounding limestone by slightly acidic groundwater. Over millions of years, this process created the cave's distinctive passageways and chambers as the water eroded away the rock. Atmospheric pressure changes and air movement in and out of the cave's openings have also played a role in shaping its unique features.
Gold is typically found in ore deposits within the Earth's crust rather than in caves. However, some caves may contain traces of gold if the cave is located in a gold-rich region or if gold-bearing water has flowed through it. Prospectors may stumble upon gold deposits near caves, but the cave itself is unlikely to be a primary source of gold.
The "giants" in Lovelock Cave, Nevada, refers to the discovery of ancient human remains that were larger in size than average. These remains were uncovered during archaeological excavations conducted in the early 20th century by a guano mining operation. The discovery of the remains sparked speculation and sensationalized stories, leading to the giants label.
geomatics differ with surveying in that it encompasses a broad range of disciplines than surveying,let alone surveying is a discipline under geomatics
Water is heavier than air and is harder to push against resulting in a harder work-out. For this reason atheletes and horses are sometimes trained in water, this gives them a harder work-out, making their performance on land that much easier.
many different types of animals in the sea then on land
I can't quite see what you are asking. Do you mean 'Why is it more difficult to carry someone on land rather than in the water'?
Mountains were barriers to travel because they presented difficult terrain to cross, such as steep slopes, rocky paths, and harsh weather conditions. These natural obstacles made it challenging for people to pass through them, often requiring specialized equipment or infrastructure like bridges or tunnels to navigate.
No. Slate is harder. Slate is shale that has been heated and compressed.
No, Limestone is harder than chalk.
No, diamond is harder than enamel.
No. Diamond is harder than emerald.
no, teeth are harder than rocks
we basically are in the land sea and air and we go on far harder missions than in any other branch in the military.
It is harder to walk on moon than on earth