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The Church of the Nativity was built on the site that Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine, nominated as the very place where Jesus had been born. She had located, to her own satisfaction, all the spots where every important event in the recorded career of Jesus at Jerusalem supposedly took place. A scholar, with some scepticism, has commented that her thrilling discoveries were made "with miraculous aid seldom now vouchsafed to archaeologists".

There had been a second century tradition of venerating a cave as the birthplace of Jesus. Some say that Helena's find was at the site of this very cave, which in turn may perhaps have been the actual birthplace of Jesus.
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