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Because at the equator, radiation from the sun strikes the earth head on. So if the sun had a heating effect of 1W/m3 (not accurate), every square metre on the equator would get 1W. However, at the poles of the earth, sunlight strikes at an angle. As a result, the 1W of heat would be spread over a larger area. As a result, the poles receive less heat energy and are colder than the equator.

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