state how low carbon steels can be given a hard case?
High carbon steels are hard, strong and resistant to wear.
Carbon. Carbon in higher quantities than .4 % are High Carbon Steels.
by hard steels and hard rubber
The carbon equivalent (CE) equation is used to estimate the weldability of steels by comparing the hardenability of the material with the carbon content. It helps to predict the tendency of a material to form hard and brittle regions after welding, which can affect the properties of the welded joint.
iron by itself is a very weak metal and it does not find any good use in the industrial applications. when carbon is added to iron as a solid solution it adds strength to it. this gives us the steel alloy. if you refer the iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram then you will find it amazing how iron and carbon can exhibit different crystal structure this leads to the formation of a lot of variety of steel. steels can be heat treated from being very soft to being very hard and the opposite can be done as well. very tough steels can be made, very ductile steels can be made , very hard steels can be made , etc etc etc etc.,
A metal used in very hard steels is nickel. Nickel is used to make stainless steel, rechargeable batteries, tanks to hold corrosive chemicals, and the five cent coin.
Low carbon steel has about 0.05% to 0.25% carbon content that is combined with iron. When compared with steel with higher carbon content, its properties are that it is relatively softer, less strong, more malleable, easy to shape, and has a higher melting point. Generally speaking the strength and hardness of steel increases with the percentage of carbon in the alloy.
The hardness or softness depends on which state the carbon is in. Carbon can be found in coal and graphite (which isn't very hard) , but it can also be found in diamonds......which are.....hard.
The Hard Case was created in 1995.
Osmium is one-third as hard as quartz. Tool steels are one-fourth as hard as osmium. Chromium has a oxide layer harder than corundum if dry and sputtered.
There are lots of stainless steels. Steel, by definition is an alloy containing carbon. The different alloyed elements give various steels their properties -- including strength, stiffness, brittleness, corrosion resistance, among others.Mild steel contains 0.16-0.29% carbon.Carbon steel has a carbon content in the range of 0.30-1.70% by weight.Stainless steel has a minimum of 11% chromium content by mass.Only stainless steel does not corrode."Stainless Steels" don't corrode because one of their alloying metals (usually chromium or molybdenum) forms a passivemigrates to the surface of the solid and forms a thin, hard oxide layer that is difficult to get through. In addition, there are electrochemical reasons why chromium and some other elements are resistant to corrosion.
Because of steels durability it can hold heavy things like buildings and act as a column. it is an alloy of iron and carbon, but isn't as malleable as iron, and therefore suited for any hard job. it doesn't rust easily either which makes it a keeper uses: anything from buildings to knives and forks.