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The difference of the apollo 11 astronauts wand the Apollo 17 astronaut was that in Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt was a scientist, while All in the Apollo 11 were astronauts.
they might feel a pang because they might not know if they will make it or not
The quarantine the astronauts were subjected to was due to fears (later proved unsubstantiated) that the astronauts would bring unknown pathogens from the Moon and that many people might fall sick from these foreign diseases.
Astronauts currently work in six month shifts on the international space station. A single astronaut might fly only once in his career. Others, however, have flown as many as five or six times! (Astronaut training is expensive.)
Work, eat, take a nap, play, ...
Solar flares, which are eruptions of energy on the sun's surface, are not typically harmful to human health. However, intense solar flares can cause disruptions to satellite communication systems and power grids on Earth. It is important to protect your eyes if observing a solar flare directly, as looking at the sun without proper eye protection can cause permanent damage to your vision.
During the start and ascent astronauts wear appropriate suits, that also have been made for radiation protection. On the ISS experiments have been made with dummies in various astronaut suits placed all over station (even outside) and equipped with radiation measuring devices. This was done during the 1990's already (code word: "Matroshka", you will find details in the internet using that word). On-board and during spacewalks (EVA's) astronauts wear dosimeters that are regularly checked and harmful amounts of radiation never have been found so far. As for now, even a flight to Mars and back (assumed duration: 500 days) would not constitute a radiation risk to the crew.
The difference of the apollo 11 astronauts wand the Apollo 17 astronaut was that in Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt was a scientist, while All in the Apollo 11 were astronauts.
they might feel a pang because they might not know if they will make it or not
They die
There are many agencies that can provide translation services. Lists of these agencies can be found in many locations, including libraries, social service agencies, and many municipal websites.
they can summon huge solar flares and maybe weaken the earth's magnetosphere.
a collision scene
That some of the food might end up not proccessed right, so it turns spoiled and some astronauts may eat it and become sick..
Sails that are pushed by light is one concept.
they might be able to. that is not a very great question unless you are going into space
Absolutely not. Perhaps some of their methods might be adjusted.