There exists several reasons but the governing one is the creation of the vena contracta effect due to flow separation at the inlet corners.
Due to the forming of guided flow streams resembling those of venturi, the irreversibilities from a sudden contraction are less than those from a sudden expansion. That's why head losses due to sudden expansion are more than sudden contraction.
The loss coefficient ( K ) for a sudden contraction can be calculated using the formula: [ K = \left(1 - \frac{A_2}{A_1}\right)^2 ] where ( A_1 ) is the cross-sectional area of the larger duct and ( A_2 ) is the cross-sectional area of the smaller duct. This formula assumes that the flow is incompressible and that the contraction is sudden, leading to turbulence and energy loss. The resulting ( K ) value represents the energy loss due to the abrupt change in flow area.
friction loss head loss loss due to sudden enlargement
A sudden painful involuntary contraction of a muscle is called a muscle cramp. This can happen due to various reasons such as dehydration, muscle fatigue, or poor blood circulation. Stretching and massaging the affected muscle can help alleviate the discomfort.
Some people may experience a sudden loss of balance when their legs give out due to various reasons such as muscle weakness, neurological issues, or a sudden drop in blood pressure.
Contraction of a cell's cytoplasm due to water loss is known as plasmolysis. This occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, causing water to diffuse out of the cell, leading to the shrinkage of the cytoplasm and detachment of the cell membrane from the cell wall.
Human Beings
Hiccup
A leg can give out due to muscle weakness, nerve damage, joint instability, or a sudden loss of balance.
Sudden contraction of the smooth muscle of a blood vessel is vasospasm. It can be due to body response to hemorrhage or as an effect of drugs. Coronary Vasospasm can cause Ischemic heart disease (prinzmetal angina) or even MI
due to pressure loss or sudden change in area the vaccum bubbles formed along with the inner surface of an ejector. it is known as ejectors cavitation.
It is not normal to black out. When a "black-out" occurs, it is due to some kind of problem with the body, and generally results from a sudden decrease in the amount of oxygen flow to the brain. Black-outs can occur due to low blood pressure. This low blood pressure, in turn, can be due to a problem with the pumping ability of the heart, a sudden loss of muscular tone in the arteries, blood loss, or even a psychological shock ("fainting"). Black-outs can also occur due to excessive toxic exposure (drinking too much), trauma to the brain (getting "knocked out"), or a sudden decrease in oxygen (altitude sickness).