the sun rays strike the surface at different angles as earth travel around the sun
North and south pole
solstice
the equater A+ 90 degrees
It depends on how much atmosphere it has to go through, the further away FM the equator you are the more the earth curves so the suns rays enter at an angle, meaning that it has to go through more atmosphere. Whereas on the equator the suns rays travel strait so there is less atmosphere to go though, make the suns rays more intense
North and south pole
The Earth's atmosphere contains nitrogen, which glows with blue light when struck by the suns rays. This obscures the stars during the daytime. If there were no nitrogen in the atmosphere, the stars would be visible all the time.
The Earth's axis IS at right angles to the sun's rays at the time of the March and September equinoxes. If the Earth's axis were also perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, then it would be at right angles to the sun's rays ALL the time. In that case ... -- There wouldn't be any seasons. Each area of the earth would keep its own climate all year long. -- There would be 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of night, all year and at all latitudes.
This a response to the amount of time that the sun has to warm the earth in different seasons, and how direct the suns rays are on the earth at that location. In temperate zones the sun shines about 14 or more hours in the summer (daytime) heating the earth more than the other seasons and the rays are almost from directly overhead. Spring and fall have fewer close to equinox 12 hr day/ 12 hrs night so there is less heating. Winter the suns rays are more 'slanted' and there is only about 10 hours of daytime so much less heating.
It happens at the spring and autumn equinoxes as the Sun appears to cross the equator. March 21 and Sep 22.
The light from the sun travels in a straight line, and we can assume the light rays to be parellel. The angle of incidence on the earths rounded surface depends on where you are on the earth and what time it is. Mid-day on the equator and the rays would hit the ground straight on. Further to the north or south, or later/earlier in the day and the light rays would hit at more of angle. The rays would also have to penitrate more of the earths atmosphere as the angle increases, which takes more `strength` out of the sun.
The further south or north from the equator, the shallower the angle of the sun's rays hitting the earth's surface. This means that the rays travel through the atmosphere further and so have time to cool. The sun's rays hit the equator dead on, concentrated, but they hit the North and South pole at an angle, so the heat is spread out over a larger area.
When the sun's rays are concentrated, the temperature on Earth can vary greatly depending on factors such as location, time of day, and atmospheric conditions. In general, the temperature can reach over 100 degrees Fahrenheit in areas like deserts where sunlight is intense and there is little cloud cover to block it.