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To "enrich the Universe", the heavy elements would need to get back out of the star - and into outer space, where it can eventually become part of new star systems. This "getting out" happens mainly in supernova explosions - i.e., in the case of very massive stars. Also, stars with very low mass mainly convert hydrogen into helium - they didn't have time yet, given the current age of the Universe, to advance to a later stage, where they convert helium into heavier elements - and the stars with the very lowest masses never will, since they won't get hot enough.
Stellar evolution
Nuclear fusion.
yes
There are two explanations. First, when a massive star forms a black hole, usually only a small portion of the star's mass actually goes into the black hole. Most of the rest is blasted away in a supernova, enriching the surrounding space with heavier elements. Second, there are also pair-instability supernovae. Such supernovae occur in extremely massive stars with a very low content of heavier elements, which likely existed in the early universe. Pair-instability supernovae will blow away the entire star, leaving behind no black hole or neutron star remnant.
A super giant
Supernovae are when very massive stars finally come to the end of their life. They are important events as during the very short period in which the explosion occurs, temperatures and pressures are sufficient to fuse atoms, making heavier elements. Any elements with a nucleus heavier than the iron nucleus would have had to be formed during a supernova explosion.
Light elements are made in light weight stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. Elements as heavy as iron form in the cores of massive stars. Anything heavier than iron requires a supernova--the collapse and explosion of a super massive star.
We wouldn't have the heavy elements... and as a result, we wouldn't exist.
In the interior of certain massive stars.
The Galilean moons of Jupiter are (from most massive to least massive) Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
yes as heavy elements are used for fuel the star expands this is what will happen to the earth it will swell to a red giant engulfing the inner 3 planets as it slowly dies