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Why organic extracts of mushrooms show more antimicrobial activity then the inorganic extracts?
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What role do receptor sites play in drug activity?
It blocks the brain so you barf up the extracts.
What has the author I J Rodley written?
I J. Rodley has written: 'Studies on the demethylase activity of cell-free extracts of rat tissues'
What products does the company Host Defense sell?
Host Defense is an organic mushroom farm. They grow and pick their own mushrooms to create mushroom products. They sell organic mushroom capsules and extracts.
Is riboflavin suitable for vegetarians?
Good vegetarian sources of riboflavin are - whole grains, mushrooms, almonds, leafy green vegetables and yeast extracts.
Why are the acidic extracts and the basic extracts cooled before neutralization?
jjgg
When was Extracts from Adam's Diary created?
Extracts from Adam's Diary was created in 1904.
How many pages does Extracts from Adam's Diary have?
Extracts from Adam's Diary has 89 pages.
What ingredients are found in Aveda shampoo?
The ingredients found in Aveda shampoos are aqueous extracts and leaf extracts. It is the leaf extracts that brings any specific scents to the shampoo.
What is the recommended dosage of shiitake mushroom?
Available as food, dried, gel-cap, powders, extracts, tea, injections. Eat one to two fresh mushrooms or 1 - 2 tsp of dried shitake daily. With commercial products follow label instructions.
What are the antimicrobial activity of kigelia africana?
ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF KIGELIA AFRICANA(LAM)The evaluation of the activity of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts of the bark of the Kigelia africana(Lam) was tested against E. coli, Enterobacter aerogens,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas aeruginosa(Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (Gram-positive) by disc diffusion method. The methanol extracts presented a higher activity than the aqueous and chloroform extracts. It exhibits the greatest activity against Salmonella typhi and Proteus vulgarismoderate activity against E. coli,Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The remaining strains viz., Enterobacter aerogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were presented less activity. The inhibition zone was recorded and compared with standard antibiotic drug streptomycin. Results support the traditional use of Kigelia africana (Lam) bark as a good source of antimicrobial agent.INTRODUCTIONAntimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported from different parts of the world (Saxena and Sharma, 1999; Ahmad and Beg, 2001). Various medicinal plants have been used for years in daily life to treat diseases all over the world. It has been used as a source of medicine. Higher plants, as source of medicinal compounds, have continued to play a dominant role in the maintenance of human health since ancient time (Farombi, 2003). Over 50% of all modern clinical drugs are natural products origin and natural products play an important role in drug development programmes in the pharmaceutical industry (Baker et al., 1995).The success story of chemotheraphy lies in the continuous search for new drugs to counter the challenge posed by resistant strains of microorganisms (Khan et al., 2003). Antibiotics are sometimes associated with adverse effects on hosts which include hypersensitivity, depletion of beneficial gut, mucosal microorganisms, immuno suppression and allergic reactions (Idose et al., 1968; Ahmed et al., 1998). The investigation of certain indigenous plants for their antimicrobial properties may yield useful (Khan et al., 2003) and there is increasing interest in plants as source of agent to fight microbial diseases and treatment of several infections (Chariandy et al., 1999; Aburjai et al., 2001).Kigelia africana is one of highly valuable ethnomedicinal plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae and vernacular name is marachurai. The plant bark is used for rheumatism, dysentery and veneral diseases and also used for ring worm, tape worm, haemorrhaging, malaria, diabetes, pneumonia and tooth ache (Akunyili and Houghton, 1993; Kolodziej, 1997). However to the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study on this particular plant. Therefore, the lack of the information in the literature prompted this investigation in order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Kigelia africana.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe medicinal plant Kigelia africana (Lam) bark, used in this study, were collected around Tiruchirappalli district, South India. The collected plant materials were identified at Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, South India (Mathew, 1983). The bark were shade-dried at room temperature for 10 days.Extraction ProcedureThe dried and powdered plant materials (100 g) were extracted successively with 600 mL of aqueous, methanol and chloroform (1:6 w/v) by using soxhlet extractor for 48 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent (Lin et al., 1999). The extracts were filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper and then concentrated in vacuum at 40°C using a Rotary evaporator. Each extracts transferred to glass vials and kept at 4°C before use.Bacterial StrainsEight different laboratory bacterial strains were used namely, Escherichia coli,Enterobacter aerogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi,Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus (gram-positive). The bacterial strains were supplied by the Department of Microbiology and institute of Basic Medical Science, Chennai, India.Preparation of InoculumThe bacterial strains preserved in the nutrient agar at 4°C were revived in nutrient broth (liquid medium) and incubated at 37±1°C for overnight and the suspensions were checked to provide approximately 105 cfu/mL.Microbiological Tests of Plant ExtractsThe disc diffusion assay methods of Iennette (1985) as described by Rosoanaivo and Ratsimanaga-Urverg (1993), Rabe and Van Staden (1997) were used with modification to determine the growth inhibition of bacteria by plant extracts. The diluted bacterial culture (200 μL) was spread over nutrient agar plates using sterile glass L-rod. One hundred microliter of the each extracts was applied per filter paper disc (Whatman No. 1, 6 mm dia) and was allowed to dry before being placed on the layer of the agar plate. Each extracts was tested in triplicate (3 discs/plate) and the plates were inoculated at 37±1°C for 24 h. After incubation, the diameter of inhibition zones and the sensitivity were measured with a caliper. Standard antibiotic of streptomycin (10 mg/disc) was used as reference of positive control.Statistical AnalysisRandom sampling was used for the entire test in triplicates. Calculations were carried out in triplicate with their mean values and standard deviation by using the formula given by Gupta (1977). Positivity index was calculated by comparing the zone of inhibition of bark extracts with standard antibiotics.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe antibacterial activity of Kigelia africanabark extract (aqueous, methanol and chloroform) against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogens,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus by disc diffusion method showed that the methanolic bark extracts highly affected the activity of Salmonella typhi and Proteus vulgarisFig. 1:Representing the diameter of inhibition zones against various pathogens along with plant extractsThe inhibition against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus was moderate and less inhibition was associated with Enterobacter aerogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chloroform extracts inhibited moderate activity against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus and the other strains exhibited less activity. The aqueous extracts were exhibited less activity of Staphylococcus aureus and all the remaining strains showed very poor activity. These results were compared with standard antibiotic, streptomycin as a standard (Fig. 1).The aqueous and organic extracts exhibited different activities. Organic extracts showed greater activity than aqueous extract. Because most of the antibacterial principles were either polar or non-polar and were extracted only through the organic solvent medium (John Britto, 2001). It was reported that methanol was a better solvent for the consistent extraction of antimicrobial substances from medicinal plants when compared to other solvents such as aqueous, ethanol, chloroform and hexane (Lin et al., 1999; Ahmad et al., 1998; Eloff, 1998). Present observation suggested that the organic solvent extraction method was suitable to verify antibacterial activity. Similar conclusions were drawn by Krishna et al. (1997) and Singh and Singh (2000) in their studies.The antibacterial activity of plant extracts can be attributed to not only a single bioactive principle but also due to the combined action of other compounds (Sunayana et al., 2003). A number of phytochemicals have been studied for their antibacterial activity which are potentially useful against infectious diseases. It is clear that the chemical structure of the antimicrobial agents found in higher plants belong to most commonly encountered classes of higher plant secondary metabolites such as flavonoids (Watchter et al., 1999), terpenes (Conveney et al., 1985), terpenoids (Osawa et al., 1990; Habibi et al., 2000) and phenolic acids (Fernandez et al., 1996).From the results, it can be concluded that plant extracts have great potential as antimicrobial principles against microorganisms and that they can be used in the treatment of infectious disease caused by resistant microorganisms. Kigelia africana showed maximum antibacterial activity and hence this plant can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads for the development of new pharmaceuticals. This will also offer a great help in facing the emergence for spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Where can you get extracts of Twilight?
a bookstore
Is curcumin good for you?
Curcumin extract is one of the major antioxidant extracts found in the spice turmeric. Through its antioxidant mechanisms, it supports colon health, exert neuroprotective activity and help maintain a healthy cardiovascular system.
