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If by Star you mean a Star Topology, it is a network cabling scheme in which all nodes are individually connected to a central hub.
Apple's Airport and Airport extreme are standard Wi-Fi network interfaces. You will need a Wi-Fi network card on a PC to connect to them. A standard Ethernet network card connects with Ethernet cabling and does not work with Wi-Fi.
Category 5. This is used to specify a quality of network cabling. Category 5 is the lowest category that is usable for network cabling.
cabling
You can create a hierarchial network using pretty much any type of networking equipment. No special equipment is required or needed, although if you are building a massive network, do consider at least Gbit interfaces and thus CAT6 cables.
Nowadays almost everything can be connected to computer network starting from PDAs, PCS, laptops and ending printers, scanners, phones, security cameras and so on.
100 meters
Installation
Bus
You will not be able to use a wireless networking technology without computerized equipment, but you may not require a standard PC (a desktop, a laptop, etc) to do so. Modern smart phones and tablet computers can typically access a WiFi network. Some connected network media players or other equipment, such as networked surveillance cameras, can also connect to a WiFi network.
Patch panels are not required for cabling a network. They fulfill the function of centralizing connections in an area, and allow for easy movement of workstations from network to network. In a wiring closet you may find many different connections that have to be connected from a router to the workstations on the floor. With a patch panel you can connect multiple systems from a wiring closet using horizontal wiring to the work areas very easily. This makes it easier to create wired networks but it is not absolutely required.
RFC cabling stands for "Request for Comments" cabling. RFC is a series of documents published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that define standards and protocols for the internet. In the context of cabling, RFC cabling refers to following the guidelines set out in these documents for the design and installation of network cabling systems.