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downlink
From the mission notes: International Space Station crew rotation and assembly of a fourth starboard truss segment (ITS S6) and a fourth set of solar arrays and batteries. Also replaced a failed unit for a system that converts urine to drinking water. The day before expected landing, the crew answered questions from many students including Crista Nishimoto of Stevenson Middle School who asked the question at the space downlink at Punahou School.
Uplink and downlink are frequencies Communication from earth station to satellite in uplink and communication from satellite to earth station is downlink Always uplink freq.>downlink freq.
For communication satellites the range is much higher than that of communication relay. Communication Satellite can cover up to several thousands of kilometers. For communication relay, the uplink and the downlink frequency is the same. But for communication satellites the uplink and the downlink frequencies are different in order to avoid interference.
To avoid interference
In the sense of a mobile communication: Downlink frequency is that used by a base station to communicate with the Mobile. In satellite communication also the same theory exists downlink is the return path.
The satellite transponder typically works in either the C-band (4-8GHz) or the Ku-band (12-18GHz) and these are for the downlink (from the satellite to the earth station).
In satellite communication uplink (transmission of signal from earth station to satellite ) & downlink (reception of signal from satellite to earth station) takes place TX & RX involves a finite amount of delay which is acceptable in data communication, but i audio & video TX this delay is unacceptable, overlapping/ alaising causes errors which demodulated by qpsk.
due to path loss : higher is the frequency higher is the patrh loss
downlink
Duplex distance/spacing is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies
Uplink frequency is a frequency that goes from the ground to the satellite. Downlink frequency goes from the satellite to the ground.
It is much easier to build a satellite transponder using different frequencies for the two directions (frequency division duplex, FDD). A single frequency (time division duplex, TDD) satellite link is possible, but then all earth terminal must be carefully synchronized. The satellite transponder and the earth terminals would be more expensive, the whole network would be more complex and less reliable. There is also a historical reason. Frequency bands were allocated decades ago and changing them would be very difficult. FDD and TDD terminals cannot coexist in the same geographical area.
downlink becouse frequncy / power low compare to uplink