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To find a solution to the French economic crisis.
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Why is July 2 1788 so important?
On July 2, 1788, the Confederation Congress, meeting in New York, received word that a reconvened New Hampshire ratifying convention had approved the Constitution. With South Carolina's acceptance of the Constitution in May, New Hampshire thus became the ninth state to ratify. The Congress appointed a committee "for putting the said Constitution into operation." See below link:
When did slavery end in south America?
Abolition of slavery occurred as abolition in specific countries, abolition of the trade in slaves and abolition throughout empires. Each of these steps was usually the result of a separate law or action.960: Doge of Venice Pietro IV Candiano reconvened the popular assembly and had it approve of a law prohibiting the slave trade1102: Trade in slaves and serfdom ruled illegal in London: Council of London (1102)1117: Slavery abolished in Iceland1200: Slavery virtually disappears in Japan; it was never widespread and mostly involved captives taken in civil wars.[4]1214: The Statute of the Town of Korčula (Croatia) abolishes slavery.[5]1215: Magna Carta signed. Clause 30, commonly known as Habeas Corpus, would form the basis of a law against slavery in English common law.1256: The Liber Paradisus is promulgated. The Comune di Bologna abolishes slavery and serfdom and releases all the serfs in its territories.1274: Landslova (Land's Law) in Norway mentions only former slaves, which indicates that slavery was abolished in Norway1315: Louis X, king of France, publishes a decree proclaiming that "France" signifies freedom and that any slave setting foot on the French ground should be freed[6]1335: Sweden (including Finland at the time) makes slavery illegal.[7]1416: Republic of Ragusa (modern day Dubrovnik, Croatia) abolished slavery and slave trading1435: Papal Encyclical - Sicut Dudum - of Pope Eugene IV banning enslavement on pain of excommunication.
Which two men helped Julius Caesar gain power?
Julius Caesar did not need much help to gain power. He did this pretty much on his own when he marched on Rome with his army, starting a civil war and seizing power militarily. He had a battle veteran legion which became battle hardened during his Gallic War. Pompey, the general of the opponents of Caesar, fled to Greece to raise troops in the Roman provinces in the east. Caesar then seized Rome. The two most important supporters of Caesar were Marc Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Mark Antony served as a military commander during Caesar's Gallic War until 50 B.C. when he went to Rome to try to mediate the conflict between Caesar and Pompey, the leader of Caesar's opponents. He was elected plebeian tribune and summoned the senate to negotiate a compromise, which Pompey was willing to accept. However, this was by Lentulus and Cato who were two hardeners of the opponents of Caesar. They forcibly expelled Antony from the senate and he fled Rome and returned to Caesar's camp in northern Italy. The senate reconvened and order Caesar to relinquish his military command, disband his armies and return to Rome to face a trial. Caesar marched on Rome with one of his legions and started the civil war which put him in power. Antony did not always prove to be a good political asset for Caesar. During the civil war Antony was appointed governor of Italy while Caesar pursued Pompey in Greece. However, Antony mishandled a political issue and dealt with it with military force. Caesar had to return to Italy to resolve the situation and removed Antony from political office and took him with him in his civil war campaigns. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was a more shrewd politician. Lepidus took charge of Rome while Caesar was fighting his enemy Pompey in Greece. He secured Caesar's appointment as dictator, which he used to preside over his own election as consul. He then became the governor of "Nearer Spain." He suppressed a rebellion there though a mixture of diplomacy and military action. Caesar made him master of the horse when he was appointed dictator the second and third time. This was the second highest position in Rome when a dictator was in charge.
How is the 1867 Tenure of Office Act related to Marbury v. Madison?
The connection between the 1867 Tenure of Office Act and the earlier Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803), as well as the later cases, Myers v. United States,272 US 52 (1926) and Humphrey's Executor v. United States,295 US 602 (1935), is one of the Constitutional conflict between the Separation of Powers and the concept of Checks and Balances. Political conflicts arise in situations where the framers of the Constitution, whether by intent or lack of foresight, failed to explicitly assign specific rights or powers to a named branch of government.The question arising from both the Tenure of Office Act and the cited cases is whether the President has the power to dismiss a cabinet member or lower federal employees without the "advice and consent" of the Senate, and whether having such authority could give rise to inappropriate and arbitrary abuse of power.Background: The Decision of 1789The Constitution broadly defined the three branches of Government: the Executive (President), Legislative (Congress), and Judicial (Supreme Court), and partially enumerated the powers granted to each, but left the development of lower executive positions to Congress.In 1789, Congress anticipated the need for a Department of Foreign Affairs to handle relations with other countries, and a Department of War to manage the military (should diplomatic relations fail). They created two bills establishing these Departments, headed by cabinet members, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of War, respectively. These positions were to fall under the control of the Executive branch of government.Congress was concerned, however, about the danger of placing too much control in the hands of the President, so, while the first version of the bills granted the President the power to appoint men to these positions, with the "advice and consent" of the Senate, it had no provision for removing people from office once they were confirmed.After much debate, the bills were amended to give the President an implied power of removal without explicitly stating such. In Section 2 of each bill, Congress assigned a Chief Clerk position below the Department Secretaries, "who will take the place of the principal (Secretary) when said principal shall for any cause, be removed by the President..."Both bills passed the House on June 24, 1789, by a vote of 29-22. The bills cleared the Senate on July 18, 1789, and were signed into law by President Washington on July 27, 1789.Another law was passed in September 1789 providing that the Executive branch dominated the Department of State (which had been called the Department of Foreign Affairs just a few months earlier), which would be run by the Secretary of State.This arrangement worked without problems or challenges for about 70 years.Tenure of Office Act 1867Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency following the assassination of President Lincoln, in April 1865. Before becoming Lincoln's Vice-President, Johnson had been a US Senator from east Tennessee, one of the Confederate states to secede from the Union during the Civil War. Because Johnson was a strong Union supporter, he was the only Southern Senator who refused to resign from Congress in solidarity with the Confederacy. President Johnson was in office during early Reconstruction, a period when federal troops occupied the southern states in an effort to ensure integration and institute new policies designed to expand African-Americans' civil rights. Johnson was sympathetic toward the former Confederacy and was eager to reintegrate the states and withdraw federal troops. He was not particularly supportive of African-Americans, and vetoed a number of civil rights bills, which put him at odds with the Republicans, and even more so with a group that referred to themselves as the Radical Republicans, who were determined to change the government's direction. The Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections. They immediately set to work checking Johnson's power. One piece of legislation in particular, the Tenure of Office Act of 1867, revoked the President's power to terminate the office of anyone who had been appointed with the "advice and consent" of the Senate. The bill infuriated Johnson, who immediately vetoed it. The Radical Republicans held more than enough seats to override the vetoes by the required 2/3 vote, making the Tenure of Office Act law. The new party also began a campaign of "Congressional Reconstruction," crafting legislation and passing laws to enable the military to enforce civil rights legislation. Unfortunately, Congressional sessions were relatively short in those days, leaving the President somewhat unchecked during long recesses. In August 1867, with Congress on break, Johnson attempted to regain control of the military by suspending Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Stanton refused to step down, instead barricading himself in his office, where he remained camped (even cooking meals inside) until the Senate reconvened on January 3, 1868. As expected, the Senate refused to ratify the President's decision by a vote of 35-16. Johnson ignored the Senate vote and attempted to appoint a new Secretary of War to replace Stanton. In response, the House immediately moved to impeach Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors." Voting fell along party lines, 128-47, in favor of the impeachment. The House of Representatives charged President Johnson with nine articles of impeachment - all but two based on his alleged* violation of the Tenure of Office Act. On March 4, 1868, the House impeached Johnson, then delivered the documentation to the Senate. The Chief Justice of the United States, Salmon Chase, presided over the Senate hearing convened on March 5. Johnson's two-month trial concluded on May 6, 1868, at which time the Senate began deliberations. On May 16, the Senate ballot of 35-19 fell one vote short of the 2/3 supermajority needed for conviction. Johnson remained in office until the end of his term, in March 1869. The Tenure of Office Act was repealed in 1887.Myers v. United States, 272 US 52 (1926) In 1920, on the advice of the Postmaster General, President Wilson terminated the employment of Postmaster First-Class Frank Myers, whom he had appointed to the Portland, Oregon postal region in 1917. Albert Burleson, Wilson's Postmaster General, believed Myers had committed fraud in office. When Myers refused to resign, Burleson, acting under instructions from the President, fired him. At the time, a Postmaster appointment was a four-year term of office, but Myers was removed after three years on the job. Myers claimed he wasn't given notice of his release, and petitioned both the President and Senate for relief. Not receiving a satisfactory response, he protested to the Post Office Department. When no assistance was forthcoming, Myers filed suit in federal court for the $8,838.71 in pay he would have earned had he been allowed to complete his contract. One of Myers' arguments asserted that the President acted in violation of the Postal Laws & Regulations, Title IV, Chapter 15, § 393 that stated: "Appointment and Termination of Office of Postmasters of the first-, second- and third-classes shall be appointed and may be removed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall hold their offices for four years unless sooner removed or suspended according to law;" Myers was removed, before the expiration of his term, by an order of the Postmaster General, sanctioned by the President. The action was not referred to Congress at any point during the four-year period. Chief Justice Taft, delivering the opinion of the Court, argued the Constitution supported the President's actions: "The relevant parts of Article II of the Constitution are as follows: "Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America." "Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment." "He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur, and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be establishedby Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.""The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.""Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States." "Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors." Section 1 of Article III, provides: "The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior. . . ." "The question where the power of removal of executive officers appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate was vested was presented early in the first session of the First Congress. There is no express provision respecting removals in the Constitution, except as Section 4 of Article II, above quoted, provides for removal from office by impeachment. The subject was not discussed in the Constitutional Convention." He further argued that the "Decision of 1789," which had been made by members of the first Congress who understood the framers' intent was controlling [this is an Originalist position]. The 1867 Tenure of Office act had been unconstitutional, as was the law cited from the Postal Laws & Regulations manual. Although the Constitution didn't explicitly assign this right, the President, as Chief Executive, had the power to appoint subordinates to help with executing the duties of his Office. Additionally, the Constitution had placed no express limitations on the President's power regarding removing members of the Executive branch. Congress violated the notion of Separate Powers. In dissent, Justices Louis Brandeis, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and James McReynolds, countered that Congress had the Constitutional authority to appoint and remove "inferior officers" without Presidential input. Congress had created the office of postmaster, and should have authority both to appoint and remove people from this position.Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137 (1803) In a separate dissent, Justice Brandeis cited Marbury v. Madison, (1803), the case that had confirmed the power of the Supreme Court in the process of "judicial review" (the right and obligation to analyze acts of legislation for constitutionality and to nullify unconstitutional laws) and the role of the judiciary. The Marbury case assumed that the President, acting without the consent of the Senate, lacked the power to remove an "inferior officer" appointed for a fixed term with the consent of the Senate. (If the Senate is part of the affirmation process, it shouldn't be excluded from the removal process). Brandeis warned that one of the obligations of Congress is to protect lower federal workers from the arbitrary use of power. In Marbury, Chief Justice Marshall's opinion was that a Justice of the Peace was not removable by the President because there is a distinction between members of the Executive branch who, directly or indirectly, aid the President, and someone whose work is incidental to the Office. Although Brandeis' dissent did not sway the majority in Myers, his reasoning ultimately carried the decision in Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 US 602 (1935), in which the President's power over "inferior officers" not under his direct control was revoked.For more information on Marbury v. Madison, see Related Links, below.
How should you punctuate this sentence the team met or the meeting on Tuesday and reconvened on Wednesday?
the meeting took place on Tuesday, then the team reconvened on Wednesday.
What does reconvened mean?
Reconvened means gathered once again, especially in a legal context. For instance, a jury can reconvene to review a decision they have made.
Why was the estates-general reconvened?
To get more funds for the government that was facing a financial crisis. Most of the countryÕs wealth was held by the nobility and could not be taxed
Can a committee meeting which was recessed in order to get legal advice on an agenda item be reconvened 3 months later because it took that long to get the advice?
It depend on which kind of Committee meeting it is.
Why was the Estates-general reconvened after a century and a half?
Because during that time, France was being hit by one crisis after another and Louis XVI (weak leader) knew that he needed the help from the estate-general.
Why is July 2 1788 so important?
On July 2, 1788, the Confederation Congress, meeting in New York, received word that a reconvened New Hampshire ratifying convention had approved the Constitution. With South Carolina's acceptance of the Constitution in May, New Hampshire thus became the ninth state to ratify. The Congress appointed a committee "for putting the said Constitution into operation." See below link:
What role did popes paul (iii) and paul (iv) play in reforming the catholic church?
Quite extensive, Pope Paul III reconvened the Council of Trent and approved the Society of Jesus among many other things. Pope Paul IV also oversaw the Council of Trent, instituted the Roman Inquisition, and strongly affirmed the Catholic dogma of extra ecclesiam nulla salus("Outside the Church there is no salvation"). He also started the Index of Forbidden books which was in force from the mid-16th century up until 1966.
When does the Virginia General Assembly meet in 2007-2008?
The 2008 Regular Session will convene on Wednesday, January 9, 2008. Prefiling begins on Monday, November 19, 2007. Session is scheduled to adjourn March 8, 2008 and according to the provisions of the Constitution of Virginia the Reconvened Session will be April 16, 2008. The General Assembly meets annually, beginning on the second Wednesday in January, for 60 days in even-numbered years and for 30 days in odd-numbered years, with an option to extend annual sessions for a maximum of 30 days.
Who was the pope that convened Vatican II?
Pope Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council which began in 1868. Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council which began in 1962. Pope Paul VI reconvened the Second Vatican Council in 1963 after it was suspended due to the death of Pope John. Pope John had to close the First Vatican Council before opening the Second Council since the First Council was never officially closed by Pius, it ended abruptly, or temporarily suspended because the Franco-Prussian War broke out and the bishops in attendance wanted to return to their diocese. After Rome was captured, Pope Pius permanently suspended the Council but did not close it officially. Pope John died during the intermission break between the first and second session of the Second Council to which it was suspended. Once Cardinal Giovanni Montini was elected as Pope Paul VI, he reconvened the Second Council and presided over it until its ending in 1965.
What year was the second continental congress?
1775The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia.
Congress remains a session until its members do what?
Recess. There are two types of recess. One is used routinely to recess for a period of time, usually over the summer or winter break. Congress then reconvenes once that break is over. Congress can also be recalled or reconvened during times of emergency. A Sine Die Recess occurs every two years when the congress has ended. That congress is recessed permanently and will not reconvene until the new members of congress are sworn in. After a Congress recesses Sine Die, all pending legislation on the calendar is disposed of and the calendar is cleared. Any legislation that has not been considered by that time, must begin the process all over again.
Did Hannibal ever battle the Greeks or Macedonians?
Macedonia actually sided with Carthage and Hannibal during the Second Punic War, providing a diversion against the Romans by taking territory in the east. After defeating Hannibal and tying Carthage up with a paralysing treaty, the Roman leaders decided to payback Macedonia for this intervention. They called a meeting of the Centuriate Assembly to get approval for an attack on Macedonia. The Roman people were sick and tired of war after twenty yeas and refused. After a week the Assembly was reconvened and was given a long list of the wealth of Macedonia and the rich spoils to be gained. The Roman people, impoverished by the war and their absence from their farms, suddenly saw the light, and approved the invasion of Macedonia to get their hands on the loot. Hannibal later on, after resuscitating Carthage's economy, fled to Asia Minor to escape Roman attempts to assassinate him. He took leadership in inter-Greek wars there successfully, but the Romans tracked him down and he suicided to avoid being captured and dragged to Rome.
