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Why was scipio africanus so famous back then?

Updated: 8/20/2019
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Q: Why was scipio africanus so famous back then?
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Unlike the previous battles of the second Punic War, where the Carthaginian cavalry greatly outnumbered the Roman cavalry (it made up 2/3 of Carthaginian army while the Roman cavalry accounted for only 1/3) at Zama the Roman cavalry was larger (6,000 versus 4,000). Scipio Africanus (the Roman commander) had the support of the Numidian cavalry (from Algeria, next door to Carthage) which defected from the Carthaginians to the Romans. Scipio Africanus arranged gaps between the lines of its heavy infantry which acted as lanes through which the Carthaginian war elephants could pass without harming the Roman soldiers and had them hidden with the light infantry. Hannibal set his elephants and light infantry against the Romans. Scipio ordered his cavalry to blow horns to frighten the elephants. Some of them turned back towards the Carthaginian left wing and threw it into disarray. Scipio got his cavalry to attack this wing. The other elephants were directed towards the gaps and were taken to the rear of the Roman infantry, which then closed its ranks. The Carthaginian cavalry lured the Roman cavalry into chasing them to take them away from the battlefield so that they would not attack the Carthaginian rear. The Roman left wing attacked the Carthaginian right wing and Scipio marched the centre towards the Carthaginian one. Hannibal kept his third line (composed of veterans from the campaign in Italy) as reserve. The Romans first and second line had the better over their Carthaginian equivalents. There was a pause and both armies regrouped. Scipio, who was waiting for the return of his cavalry, delayed the resumption of the battle. When it resumed it was a stalemate. However, in the meantime the Roman cavalry had routed the Carthaginian one. Then it returned to the battle and attacked the rear of the Carthaginian infantry, which was encircled and slaughtered. 20,000 Carthaginians died and 20,000 were taken as prisoners. The Romans only lost 2,500 men.


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During the second punic war Hannibal invaded Italy from Spain whilst Rome invaded Spain from Italy. Hannibal proved himself to be the superior general in battles against the Romans, especially at the battle of Cannae (216BC) when he decisively defeated a major Roman army using strategic tactics. Romans then employed fabian tactics against Hannibal so he stayed mainly in the South of Rome where loyalty to Rome was not as strong and he had a better chance of garnering support. The Carthaginians held their position in Spain until P. Cornelius Scipio took a Roman army over there and captured New Carthage. Hannibal's brother then abandoned Spain to help Hannibal but was unsuccessful. So Hannibal basically just trashed the south of Italy until 202BC. In 205BC Scipio was elected consul and led a campaign in North Africa against the Carthaginians in 204BC. The Carthaginians sued for peace in 203BC but when Hannibal returned in 202BC he convinced them to break their peace agreements. Hannibal and Scipio faced each other in the battle of Zama and Hannibal was defeated. Scipio earned the nickname 'Africanus' for winning this battle.


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