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Unity and stability.
the roman empire
One of the features of the Roman empire was unity. This ranged from civil rights to the money they used. This also included the Latin language. After the fall of the empire, that unity of language...
During the second Punic War Macedonia interfered on the Carthaginian side. So Rome retaliated after defeating Carthage. Once having entered eastern Europe, they became embroiled in taking sides in local Greek inter-city struggles. There was no unity in the Greek world so it becane an easy target for Roman generals seeking self promotion and using these calls for assistance as an excuse to help, and in the process, conquer.
use of standardized metal coins
he lacked the authority and military support to secure national unity
They started it to promote unity between the city-states of Ancient Greece.
The Persians were the best rulers for the empire because they were tolerant of the people they conquered. They respected their customs and religious beliefs. They encouraged unity so they built hundreds of roads making it easier to communicate with other people.
-In about 500 BC, Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against the Persians -Athens helped these city-states in their uprisings -This began a series of conflicts between Greece and Persia known as the Persian Wars -It lasted from about 500 BC to 479 BC (21 years) WARS UNDER DARIUS AND XERXES: -Darius, a Persian ruler: -easily crushed Greek revolts in Asia Minor -also wanted to punish Athens for helping the rebels -hoped to gain control of Greek mainland -in 492 BC, his forces conquered: -Thrace -Macedonia -in 490 BC, the Persians invaded Greece itself -the Athenians defeated the Persians -though the Athenians were outnumbered -in the Battle of Marathon -the Persians withdrew -an uneasy peace lasted for ten years (until 480 BC) -Xerxes, Darius' son: -led an army and fleet against Greece; this time several Greek city-states united to stop the Persians -Persians had to advance through narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae -small force led by 300 Spartans met Persians there -held the pass for 3 days -Persians found another way through the mountains -surrounded the Greeks -Spartans refused to surrender -though greatly outnumbered -fought until they were all killed -Spartans' courage bought time -for the other city-states to prepare their forces -at the Battle of Thermopylae -Persians marched toward Athens -Themistocles, Athens' leader: - told the Athenians to leave the city to escape -Xerxes army entered Athens and destroyed it -Themistocles' trick: -tricked Xerxes into attacking the Athenian fleet (in the narrow Salamis Strait) -Persian navy was larger and less navigatable than the Greek ships -the Greeks sank much of the Persian ships -In 479 BC, the Athenians and the Spartans joined forces: -to defeat the Persians -at Plataea (northwest of Athens) -ending the Persian Wars RESULTS OF THE PERSIAN WAR: -Persians: -meddled in Greek affairs -worked to prevent Greek unity -continued to threat Greeks with an invasion -Greeks: -success gave confidence -unity among the Greek city-states seemed necessary for survival -Athens: -rebuilt city -entered a period of great cultural achievement -began to create its own empire in the Aegean Sea -more successful than Sparta in leadership to unity -by using diplomacy -to form the Delian League -alliance of city-states with Athens as its leader -eventually included 140 other city-states -who each contributed -money or ships -money was kept on the island of Delos (which is were Delian is derived from) -by the 450s BC, Athens built an empire based on the Delian League -Sparta: -wanted Greek unity under its own leadership -however, fear of helot revolt stopped troops from going far for long
Establishing political unity between Indian Hindus and Muslims
Establishing political unity between Indian Hindus and Muslims
Establishing political unity between Indian Hindus and Muslims
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They were at ongoing warfare between each other, with pauses only to repel such invaders as the Persians, before returning once more to internicine warfare.
Athens never had an empire; Athens was a city-state. The Greeks themselves never had an empire. They were a collection of city-states, each with its own laws, religious rites, surrounding territories and allied cities. The closest the Greeks came to an empire was with the conquests of Alexander the Great, but even his territories did not meet the criteria of an empire and it fell apart at his death. The various Greek city-states, when not fighting each other, did unite against a common enemy, such as the Persians, but when the hostilities were over the unity was over and the various fighters/leaders returned to their own cities and went on with their separate lives.
Without the Persians to threaten Greece, the Greeks went back to doing what they had been doing; fighting among themselves. Sparta defeated Athens. Thebes defeated Sparta. Finally, the Macedonians from the North defeated Thebes and added all of Greece to their empire, thus forcing them to unity. Later, Greece became a province of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire before gaining its sovereignty the 19th Century.
This was a famous piece of classical Greek literature which serves as a symbol of Greek unity and culture, revealing moral lessons of heroism, pride, courage, and honor relevant to later Greeks.