it won't. The most you will see from a stationary battery with the engine not running is 12.6 volts. If you are seeing 22 volts with the engine running then the voltage regulator is defective and it will ruin the battery. Most modern alternators have the voltage regulator built into the alternator. Replace the alternator.
No, an automobile battery charger outputs 12 Volts. This is far too many volts to charge a 5 Volt battery. You would destroy the 5 Volt battery with this charger.
No chargers usually produce about 1.5 volts above the battery to be charged. By connecting a 12 volt charger to an eight volt battery it will boil the electrolyte in the battery.
No, you will need two 12 volt batteries connected in series to give the 24 volts necessary to run the pump. It will not run on 12 volts.
The volt.The volt.The volt.The volt.
1000 mAh is the capacity of the battery. A single rechargeable cell would give 1.5 volts, regardless of its capacity.
No. It requires more that 8.4 volts to charge a 8.4 volt battery. If the 8.4 volt battery is discharged to less than 7.2 volts then it might charge up to 7.2 volts but no higher. Once the voltages are the same then current stops flowing and charging stops.
24 volts (although you'll ruin the 12v battery this way). If you're trying to get 36 volts, you want to wire them in series.
One is 9 volts and the other is 12 volts. They do not interchange!
Volt
1.5 volts
It will be a 12 volt battery.
A fully charged 12 volt battery will output 12.6 volts are read with a digital volt meter.